docs: add documentation versioning

* ⬆ Bump ty from 0.0.23 to 0.0.25

Bumps [ty](https://github.com/astral-sh/ty) from 0.0.23 to 0.0.25.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/compare/0.0.23...0.0.25)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: ty
  dependency-version: 0.0.25
  dependency-type: direct:development
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>

* fix: ty warnings

---------

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: d3vyce <nicolas.sudres@proton.me>

.github/workflows/docs.yml

@@ -5,20 +5,15 @@ on:
     types: [published]
 
 permissions:
-  contents: read
+  contents: write
-  pages: write
-  id-token: write
 
 jobs:
   deploy:
-    environment:
-      name: github-pages
-      url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/configure-pages@v5
-
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
 
       - name: Install uv
         uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
@@ -28,11 +23,40 @@ jobs:
 
       - run: uv sync --group dev
 
-      - run: uv run zensical build --clean
+      - name: Configure git
+        run: |
+          git config user.name "github-actions[bot]"
+          git config user.email "github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v4
+      - name: Deploy documentation
-        with:
+        run: |
-          path: site
+          VERSION=${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}
+          MAJOR=$(echo "$VERSION" | cut -d. -f1)
+          DEPLOY_VERSION="v$(echo "$VERSION" | cut -d. -f1-2)"
 
-      - uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4
+          # On new major: consolidate previous major's feature versions into vX
-        id: deployment
+          PREV_MAJOR=$((MAJOR - 1))
+          OLD_FEATURE_VERSIONS=$(uv run mike list 2>/dev/null | grep -oE "^v${PREV_MAJOR}\.[0-9]+" || true)
+
+          if [ -n "$OLD_FEATURE_VERSIONS" ]; then
+            LATEST_PREV_TAG=$(git tag -l "v${PREV_MAJOR}.*" | sort -V | tail -1)
+
+            if [ -n "$LATEST_PREV_TAG" ]; then
+              git checkout "$LATEST_PREV_TAG" -- docs/ src/ zensical.toml
+              if ! grep -q '\[project\.extra\.version\]' zensical.toml; then
+                printf '\n[project.extra.version]\nprovider = "mike"\ndefault = "stable"\nalias = true\n' >> zensical.toml
+              fi
+              uv run mike deploy "v${PREV_MAJOR}"
+              git checkout HEAD -- docs/ src/ zensical.toml
+            fi
+
+            # Delete old feature versions
+            echo "$OLD_FEATURE_VERSIONS" | while read -r OLD_V; do
+              echo "Deleting $OLD_V"
+              uv run mike delete "$OLD_V"
+            done
+          fi
+
+          uv run mike deploy --update-aliases "$DEPLOY_VERSION" stable
+          uv run mike set-default stable
+          git push origin gh-pages

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# See https://pre-commit.com for more information
+# See https://pre-commit.com/hooks.html for more hooks
+repos:
+    - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+      rev: v6.0.0
+      hooks:
+          - id: check-added-large-files
+            args: ["--maxkb=750"]
+            exclude: ^uv.lock$
+          - id: end-of-file-fixer
+          - id: trailing-whitespace
+
+    - repo: local
+      hooks:
+          - id: local-ruff-check
+            name: ruff check
+            entry: uv run ruff check --force-exclude --fix --exit-non-zero-on-fix .
+            require_serial: true
+            language: unsupported
+            types: [python]
+
+          - id: local-ruff-format
+            name: ruff format
+            entry: uv run ruff format --force-exclude --exit-non-zero-on-format .
+            require_serial: true
+            language: unsupported
+            types: [python]
+
+          - id: local-ty
+            name: ty check
+            entry: uv run ty check
+            require_serial: true
+            language: unsupported
+            pass_filenames: false

README.md

@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ uv add "fastapi-toolsets[all]"
 - **Database**: Session management, transaction helpers, table locking, and polling-based row change detection
 - **Dependencies**: FastAPI dependency factories (`PathDependency`, `BodyDependency`) for automatic DB lookups from path or body parameters
 - **Fixtures**: Fixture system with dependency management, context support, and pytest integration
-- **Model Mixins**: SQLAlchemy mixins for common column patterns (`UUIDMixin`, `CreatedAtMixin`, `UpdatedAtMixin`, `TimestampMixin`)
+- **Model Mixins**: SQLAlchemy mixins for common column patterns (`UUIDMixin`, `UUIDv7Mixin`, `CreatedAtMixin`, `UpdatedAtMixin`, `TimestampMixin`) and lifecycle callbacks (`WatchedFieldsMixin`, `@watch`) that fire after commit for insert, update, and delete events
-- **Standardized API Responses**: Consistent response format with `Response`, `PaginatedResponse`, and `PydanticBase`
+- **Standardized API Responses**: Consistent response format with `Response`, `ErrorResponse`, `PaginatedResponse`, `CursorPaginatedResponse` and `OffsetPaginatedResponse`.
 - **Exception Handling**: Structured error responses with automatic OpenAPI documentation
 - **Logging**: Logging configuration with uvicorn integration via `configure_logging` and `get_logger`
 

docs/examples/pagination-search.md

@@ -42,12 +42,17 @@ Declare `searchable_fields`, `facet_fields`, and `order_fields` once on [`CrudFa
 
 
 ## Routes
+
+```python title="routes.py:1:17"
+--8<-- "docs_src/examples/pagination_search/routes.py:1:17"
+```
+
 ### Offset pagination
 
 Best for admin panels or any UI that needs a total item count and numbered pages.
 
-```python title="routes.py:1:36"
+```python title="routes.py:20:40"
---8<-- "docs_src/examples/pagination_search/routes.py:1:36"
+--8<-- "docs_src/examples/pagination_search/routes.py:20:40"
 ```
 
 **Example request**
@@ -61,11 +66,13 @@ GET /articles/offset?page=2&items_per_page=10&search=fastapi&status=published&or
 ```json
 {
   "status": "SUCCESS",
+  "pagination_type": "offset",
   "data": [
     { "id": "3f47ac69-...", "title": "FastAPI tips", "status": "published", ... }
   ],
   "pagination": {
     "total_count": 42,
+    "pages": 5,
     "page": 2,
     "items_per_page": 10,
     "has_more": true
@@ -79,12 +86,14 @@ GET /articles/offset?page=2&items_per_page=10&search=fastapi&status=published&or
 
 `filter_attributes` always reflects the values visible **after** applying the active filters. Use it to populate filter dropdowns on the client.
 
+To skip the `COUNT(*)` query for better performance on large tables, pass `include_total=False`. `pagination.total_count` will be `null` in the response, while `has_more` remains accurate.
+
 ### Cursor pagination
 
 Best for feeds, infinite scroll, or any high-throughput API where offset performance degrades.
 
-```python title="routes.py:39:59"
+```python title="routes.py:43:63"
---8<-- "docs_src/examples/pagination_search/routes.py:39:59"
+--8<-- "docs_src/examples/pagination_search/routes.py:43:63"
 ```
 
 **Example request**
@@ -98,6 +107,7 @@ GET /articles/cursor?items_per_page=10&status=published&order_by=created_at&orde
 ```json
 {
   "status": "SUCCESS",
+  "pagination_type": "cursor",
   "data": [
     { "id": "3f47ac69-...", "title": "FastAPI tips", "status": "published", ... }
   ],
@@ -116,6 +126,47 @@ GET /articles/cursor?items_per_page=10&status=published&order_by=created_at&orde
 
 Pass `next_cursor` as the `cursor` query parameter on the next request to advance to the next page.
 
+### Unified endpoint (both strategies)
+
+!!! info "Added in `v2.3.0`"
+
+[`paginate()`](../module/crud.md#unified-paginate--both-strategies-on-one-endpoint) lets a single endpoint support both strategies via a `pagination_type` query parameter. The `pagination_type` field in the response acts as a discriminator for frontend tooling.
+
+```python title="routes.py:66:90"
+--8<-- "docs_src/examples/pagination_search/routes.py:66:90"
+```
+
+**Offset request** (default)
+
+```
+GET /articles/?pagination_type=offset&page=1&items_per_page=10
+```
+
+```json
+{
+  "status": "SUCCESS",
+  "pagination_type": "offset",
+  "data": ["..."],
+  "pagination": { "total_count": 42, "pages": 5, "page": 1, "items_per_page": 10, "has_more": true }
+}
+```
+
+**Cursor request**
+
+```
+GET /articles/?pagination_type=cursor&items_per_page=10
+GET /articles/?pagination_type=cursor&items_per_page=10&cursor=eyJ2YWx1ZSI6...
+```
+
+```json
+{
+  "status": "SUCCESS",
+  "pagination_type": "cursor",
+  "data": ["..."],
+  "pagination": { "next_cursor": "eyJ2YWx1ZSI6...", "prev_cursor": null, "items_per_page": 10, "has_more": true }
+}
+```
+
 ## Search behaviour
 
 Both endpoints inherit the same `searchable_fields` declared on `ArticleCrud`:

docs/index.md

@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ uv add "fastapi-toolsets[all]"
 - **Database**: Session management, transaction helpers, table locking, and polling-based row change detection
 - **Dependencies**: FastAPI dependency factories (`PathDependency`, `BodyDependency`) for automatic DB lookups from path or body parameters
 - **Fixtures**: Fixture system with dependency management, context support, and pytest integration
-- **Model Mixins**: SQLAlchemy mixins for common column patterns (`UUIDMixin`, `CreatedAtMixin`, `UpdatedAtMixin`, `TimestampMixin`)
+- **Model Mixins**: SQLAlchemy mixins for common column patterns (`UUIDMixin`, `UUIDv7Mixin`, `CreatedAtMixin`, `UpdatedAtMixin`, `TimestampMixin`) and lifecycle callbacks (`WatchedFieldsMixin`) that fire after commit for insert, update, and delete events.
-- **Standardized API Responses**: Consistent response format with `Response`, `PaginatedResponse`, and `PydanticBase`
+- **Standardized API Responses**: Consistent response format with `Response`, `ErrorResponse`, `PaginatedResponse`, `CursorPaginatedResponse` and `OffsetPaginatedResponse`.
 - **Exception Handling**: Structured error responses with automatic OpenAPI documentation
 - **Logging**: Logging configuration with uvicorn integration via `configure_logging` and `get_logger`
 

docs/module/crud.md

@@ -7,10 +7,12 @@ Generic async CRUD operations for SQLAlchemy models with search, pagination, and
 
 ## Overview
 
-The `crud` module provides [`AsyncCrud`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud), an abstract base class with a full suite of async database operations, and [`CrudFactory`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.CrudFactory), a convenience function to instantiate it for a given model.
+The `crud` module provides [`AsyncCrud`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud), a base class with a full suite of async database operations, and [`CrudFactory`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.CrudFactory), a convenience function to instantiate it for a given model.
 
 ## Creating a CRUD class
 
+### Factory style
+
 ```python
 from fastapi_toolsets.crud import CrudFactory
 from myapp.models import User
@@ -18,10 +20,70 @@ from myapp.models import User
 UserCrud = CrudFactory(model=User)
 ```
 
-[`CrudFactory`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.CrudFactory) dynamically creates a class named `AsyncUserCrud` with `User` as its model.
+[`CrudFactory`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.CrudFactory) dynamically creates a class named `AsyncUserCrud` with `User` as its model. This is the most concise option for straightforward CRUD with no custom logic.
+
+### Subclass style
+
+!!! info "Added in `v2.3.0`"
+
+```python
+from fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory import AsyncCrud
+from myapp.models import User
+
+class UserCrud(AsyncCrud[User]):
+    model = User
+    searchable_fields = [User.username, User.email]
+    default_load_options = [selectinload(User.role)]
+```
+
+Subclassing [`AsyncCrud`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud) directly is the preferred style when you need to add custom methods or when the configuration is complex enough to benefit from a named class body.
+
+### Adding custom methods
+
+```python
+class UserCrud(AsyncCrud[User]):
+    model = User
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def get_active(cls, session: AsyncSession) -> list[User]:
+        return await cls.get_multi(session, filters=[User.is_active == True])
+```
+
+### Sharing a custom base across multiple models
+
+Define a generic base class with the shared methods, then subclass it for each model:
+
+```python
+from typing import Generic, TypeVar
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+from fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory import AsyncCrud
+
+T = TypeVar("T", bound=DeclarativeBase)
+
+class AuditedCrud(AsyncCrud[T], Generic[T]):
+    """Base CRUD with custom function"""
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def get_active(cls, session: AsyncSession):
+        return await cls.get_multi(session, filters=[cls.model.is_active == True])
+
+
+class UserCrud(AuditedCrud[User]):
+    model = User
+    searchable_fields = [User.username, User.email]
+```
+
+You can also use the factory shorthand with the same base by passing `base_class`:
+
+```python
+UserCrud = CrudFactory(User, base_class=AuditedCrud)
+```
 
 ## Basic operations
 
+!!! info "`get_or_none` added in `v2.2`"
+
 ```python
 # Create
 user = await UserCrud.create(session=session, obj=UserCreateSchema(username="alice"))
@@ -29,6 +91,9 @@ user = await UserCrud.create(session=session, obj=UserCreateSchema(username="ali
 # Get one (raises NotFoundError if not found)
 user = await UserCrud.get(session=session, filters=[User.id == user_id])
 
+# Get one or None (never raises)
+user = await UserCrud.get_or_none(session=session, filters=[User.id == user_id])
+
 # Get first or None
 user = await UserCrud.first(session=session, filters=[User.email == email])
 
@@ -46,48 +111,78 @@ count = await UserCrud.count(session=session, filters=[User.is_active == True])
 exists = await UserCrud.exists(session=session, filters=[User.email == email])
 ```
 
+## Fetching a single record
+
+Three methods fetch a single record — choose based on how you want to handle the "not found" case and whether you need strict uniqueness:
+
+| Method | Not found | Multiple results |
+|---|---|---|
+| `get` | raises `NotFoundError` | raises `MultipleResultsFound` |
+| `get_or_none` | returns `None` | raises `MultipleResultsFound` |
+| `first` | returns `None` | returns the first match silently |
+
+Use `get` when the record must exist (e.g. a detail endpoint that should return 404):
+
+```python
+user = await UserCrud.get(session=session, filters=[User.id == user_id])
+```
+
+Use `get_or_none` when the record may not exist but you still want strict uniqueness enforcement:
+
+```python
+user = await UserCrud.get_or_none(session=session, filters=[User.email == email])
+if user is None:
+    ...  # handle missing case without catching an exception
+```
+
+Use `first` when you only care about any one match and don't need uniqueness:
+
+```python
+user = await UserCrud.first(session=session, filters=[User.is_active == True])
+```
+
 ## Pagination
 
 !!! info "Added in `v1.1` (only offset_pagination via `paginate` if `<v1.1`)"
 
-Two pagination strategies are available. Both return a [`PaginatedResponse`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.PaginatedResponse) but differ in how they navigate through results.
+Three pagination methods are available.  All return a typed response whose `pagination_type` field tells clients which strategy was used.
 
-| | `offset_paginate` | `cursor_paginate` |
+| | `offset_paginate` | `cursor_paginate` | `paginate` |
-|---|---|---|
+|---|---|---|---|
-| Total count | Yes | No |
+| Return type | `OffsetPaginatedResponse` | `CursorPaginatedResponse` | either, based on `pagination_type` param |
-| Jump to arbitrary page | Yes | No |
+| Total count | Yes | No | / |
-| Performance on deep pages | Degrades | Constant |
+| Jump to arbitrary page | Yes | No | / |
-| Stable under concurrent inserts | No | Yes |
+| Performance on deep pages | Degrades | Constant | / |
-| Search compatible | Yes | Yes |
+| Stable under concurrent inserts | No | Yes | / |
-| Use case | Admin panels, numbered pagination | Feeds, APIs, infinite scroll |
+| Use case | Admin panels, numbered pagination | Feeds, APIs, infinite scroll | single endpoint, both strategies |
 
 ### Offset pagination
 
 ```python
-@router.get(
+@router.get("")
-    "",
-    response_model=PaginatedResponse[User],
-)
 async def get_users(
     session: SessionDep,
     items_per_page: int = 50,
     page: int = 1,
-):
+) -> OffsetPaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
-    return await crud.UserCrud.offset_paginate(
+    return await UserCrud.offset_paginate(
         session=session,
         items_per_page=items_per_page,
         page=page,
+        schema=UserRead,
     )
 ```
 
-The [`offset_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.offset_paginate) method returns a [`PaginatedResponse`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.PaginatedResponse) whose `pagination` field is an [`OffsetPagination`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.OffsetPagination) object:
+The [`offset_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.offset_paginate) method returns an [`OffsetPaginatedResponse`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.OffsetPaginatedResponse):
 
 ```json
 {
   "status": "SUCCESS",
+  "pagination_type": "offset",
   "data": ["..."],
   "pagination": {
     "total_count": 100,
+    "pages": 5,
     "page": 1,
     "items_per_page": 20,
     "has_more": true
@@ -95,30 +190,63 @@ The [`offset_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.Async
 }
 ```
 
+#### Skipping the COUNT query
+
+!!! info "Added in `v2.4.1`"
+
+By default `offset_paginate` runs two queries: one for the page items and one `COUNT(*)` for `total_count`. On large tables the `COUNT` can be expensive. Pass `include_total=False` to skip it:
+
+```python
+result = await UserCrud.offset_paginate(
+    session=session,
+    page=page,
+    items_per_page=items_per_page,
+    include_total=False,
+    schema=UserRead,
+)
+```
+
+#### Pagination params dependency
+
+!!! info "Added in `v2.4.1`"
+
+Use [`offset_params()`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.offset_params) to generate a FastAPI dependency that injects `page` and `items_per_page` from query parameters with configurable defaults and a `max_page_size` cap:
+
+```python
+from typing import Annotated
+from fastapi import Depends
+
+@router.get("")
+async def list_users(
+    session: SessionDep,
+    params: Annotated[dict, Depends(UserCrud.offset_params(default_page_size=20, max_page_size=100))],
+) -> OffsetPaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
+    return await UserCrud.offset_paginate(session=session, **params, schema=UserRead)
+```
+
 ### Cursor pagination
 
 ```python
-@router.get(
+@router.get("")
-    "",
-    response_model=PaginatedResponse[UserRead],
-)
 async def list_users(
     session: SessionDep,
     cursor: str | None = None,
     items_per_page: int = 20,
-):
+) -> CursorPaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
     return await UserCrud.cursor_paginate(
         session=session,
         cursor=cursor,
         items_per_page=items_per_page,
+        schema=UserRead,
     )
 ```
 
-The [`cursor_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.cursor_paginate) method returns a [`PaginatedResponse`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.PaginatedResponse) whose `pagination` field is a [`CursorPagination`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.CursorPagination) object:
+The [`cursor_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.cursor_paginate) method returns a [`CursorPaginatedResponse`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.CursorPaginatedResponse):
 
 ```json
 {
   "status": "SUCCESS",
+  "pagination_type": "cursor",
   "data": ["..."],
   "pagination": {
     "next_cursor": "eyJ2YWx1ZSI6ICIzZjQ3YWM2OS0uLi4ifQ==",
@@ -145,7 +273,7 @@ The cursor column is set once on [`CrudFactory`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_to
 !!! note
     `cursor_column` is required. Calling [`cursor_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.cursor_paginate) on a CRUD class that has no `cursor_column` configured raises a `ValueError`.
 
-The cursor value is base64-encoded when returned to the client and decoded back to the correct Python type on the next request. The following SQLAlchemy column types are supported:
+The cursor value is URL-safe base64-encoded (no padding) when returned to the client and decoded back to the correct Python type on the next request. The following SQLAlchemy column types are supported:
 
 | SQLAlchemy type | Python type |
 |---|---|
@@ -163,6 +291,76 @@ PostCrud = CrudFactory(model=Post, cursor_column=Post.id)
 PostCrud = CrudFactory(model=Post, cursor_column=Post.created_at)
 ```
 
+#### Pagination params dependency
+
+!!! info "Added in `v2.4.1`"
+
+Use [`cursor_params()`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.cursor_params) to inject `cursor` and `items_per_page` from query parameters with a `max_page_size` cap:
+
+```python
+from typing import Annotated
+from fastapi import Depends
+
+@router.get("")
+async def list_users(
+    session: SessionDep,
+    params: Annotated[dict, Depends(UserCrud.cursor_params(default_page_size=20, max_page_size=100))],
+) -> CursorPaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
+    return await UserCrud.cursor_paginate(session=session, **params, schema=UserRead)
+```
+
+### Unified endpoint (both strategies)
+
+!!! info "Added in `v2.3.0`"
+
+[`paginate()`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.paginate) dispatches to `offset_paginate` or `cursor_paginate` based on a `pagination_type` query parameter, letting you expose **one endpoint** that supports both strategies.  The `pagination_type` field in the response tells clients which strategy was used, enabling frontend discriminated-union typing.
+
+```python
+from fastapi_toolsets.crud import PaginationType
+from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import PaginatedResponse
+
+@router.get("")
+async def list_users(
+    session: SessionDep,
+    pagination_type: PaginationType = PaginationType.OFFSET,
+    page: int = Query(1, ge=1, description="Current page (offset only)"),
+    cursor: str | None = Query(None, description="Cursor token (cursor only)"),
+    items_per_page: int = Query(20, ge=1, le=100),
+) -> PaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
+    return await UserCrud.paginate(
+        session,
+        pagination_type=pagination_type,
+        page=page,
+        cursor=cursor,
+        items_per_page=items_per_page,
+        schema=UserRead,
+    )
+```
+
+```
+GET /users?pagination_type=offset&page=2&items_per_page=10
+GET /users?pagination_type=cursor&cursor=eyJ2YWx1ZSI6...&items_per_page=10
+```
+
+#### Pagination params dependency
+
+!!! info "Added in `v2.4.1`"
+
+Use [`paginate_params()`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.paginate_params) to inject all parameters at once with configurable defaults and a `max_page_size` cap:
+
+```python
+from typing import Annotated
+from fastapi import Depends
+from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import PaginatedResponse
+
+@router.get("")
+async def list_users(
+    session: SessionDep,
+    params: Annotated[dict, Depends(UserCrud.paginate_params(default_page_size=20, max_page_size=100))],
+) -> PaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
+    return await UserCrud.paginate(session, **params, schema=UserRead)
+```
+
 ## Search
 
 Two search strategies are available, both compatible with [`offset_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.offset_paginate) and [`cursor_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.cursor_paginate).
@@ -177,6 +375,9 @@ Two search strategies are available, both compatible with [`offset_paginate`](..
 
 ### Full-text search
 
+!!! info "Added in `v2.2.1`"
+    The model's primary key is always included in `searchable_fields` automatically, so searching by ID works out of the box without any configuration. When no `searchable_fields` are declared, only the primary key is searched.
+
 Declare `searchable_fields` on the CRUD class. Relationship traversal is supported via tuples:
 
 ```python
@@ -202,40 +403,36 @@ result = await UserCrud.offset_paginate(
 This allows searching with both [`offset_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.offset_paginate) and [`cursor_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.cursor_paginate):
 
 ```python
-@router.get(
+@router.get("")
-    "",
-    response_model=PaginatedResponse[User],
-)
 async def get_users(
     session: SessionDep,
     items_per_page: int = 50,
     page: int = 1,
     search: str | None = None,
-):
+) -> OffsetPaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
-    return await crud.UserCrud.offset_paginate(
+    return await UserCrud.offset_paginate(
         session=session,
         items_per_page=items_per_page,
         page=page,
         search=search,
+        schema=UserRead,
     )
 ```
 
 ```python
-@router.get(
+@router.get("")
-    "",
-    response_model=PaginatedResponse[User],
-)
 async def get_users(
     session: SessionDep,
     cursor: str | None = None,
     items_per_page: int = 50,
     search: str | None = None,
-):
+) -> CursorPaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
-    return await crud.UserCrud.cursor_paginate(
+    return await UserCrud.cursor_paginate(
         session=session,
         items_per_page=items_per_page,
         cursor=cursor,
         search=search,
+        schema=UserRead,
     )
 ```
 
@@ -277,7 +474,7 @@ The distinct values are returned in the `filter_attributes` field of [`Paginated
   "filter_attributes": {
     "status": ["active", "inactive"],
     "country": ["DE", "FR", "US"],
-    "name": ["admin", "editor", "viewer"]
+    "role__name": ["admin", "editor", "viewer"]
   }
 }
 ```
@@ -285,7 +482,7 @@ The distinct values are returned in the `filter_attributes` field of [`Paginated
 Use `filter_by` to pass the client's chosen filter values directly — no need to build SQLAlchemy conditions by hand. Any unknown key raises [`InvalidFacetFilterError`](../reference/exceptions.md#fastapi_toolsets.exceptions.exceptions.InvalidFacetFilterError).
 
 !!! info "The keys in `filter_by` are the same keys the client received in `filter_attributes`."
-    Keys are normally the terminal `column.key` (e.g. `"name"` for `Role.name`). When two facet fields share the same column key (e.g. `(Build.project, Project.name)` and `(Build.os, Os.name)`), the relationship name is prepended automatically: `"project__name"` and `"os__name"`.
+    Keys use `__` as a separator for the full relationship chain. A direct column `User.status` produces `"status"`. A relationship tuple `(User.role, Role.name)` produces `"role__name"`. A deeper chain `(User.role, Role.permission, Permission.name)` produces `"role__permission__name"`.
 
 `filter_by` and `filters` can be combined — both are applied with AND logic.
 
@@ -306,20 +503,21 @@ async def list_users(
     session: SessionDep,
     page: int = 1,
     filter_by: Annotated[dict[str, list[str]], Depends(UserCrud.filter_params())],
-) -> PaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
+) -> OffsetPaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
     return await UserCrud.offset_paginate(
         session=session,
         page=page,
         filter_by=filter_by,
+        schema=UserRead,
     )
 ```
 
 Both single-value and multi-value query parameters work:
 
 ```
-GET /users?status=active              → filter_by={"status": ["active"]}
+GET /users?status=active                      → filter_by={"status": ["active"]}
-GET /users?status=active&country=FR   → filter_by={"status": ["active"], "country": ["FR"]}
+GET /users?status=active&country=FR           → filter_by={"status": ["active"], "country": ["FR"]}
-GET /users?role=admin&role=editor     → filter_by={"role": ["admin", "editor"]}  (IN clause)
+GET /users?role__name=admin&role__name=editor → filter_by={"role__name": ["admin", "editor"]}  (IN clause)
 ```
 
 ## Sorting
@@ -350,8 +548,8 @@ from fastapi_toolsets.crud import OrderByClause
 async def list_users(
     session: SessionDep,
     order_by: Annotated[OrderByClause | None, Depends(UserCrud.order_params())],
-) -> PaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
+) -> OffsetPaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
-    return await UserCrud.offset_paginate(session=session, order_by=order_by)
+    return await UserCrud.offset_paginate(session=session, order_by=order_by, schema=UserRead)
 ```
 
 The dependency adds two query parameters to the endpoint:
@@ -458,7 +656,7 @@ async def get_user(session: SessionDep, uuid: UUID) -> Response[UserRead]:
     )
 
 @router.get("")
-async def list_users(session: SessionDep, page: int = 1) -> PaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
+async def list_users(session: SessionDep, page: int = 1) -> OffsetPaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
     return await crud.UserCrud.offset_paginate(
         session=session,
         page=page,

docs/module/dependencies.md

@@ -13,8 +13,13 @@ The `dependencies` module provides two factory functions that create FastAPI dep
 ```python
 from fastapi_toolsets.dependencies import PathDependency
 
+# Plain callable
 UserDep = PathDependency(model=User, field=User.id, session_dep=get_db)
 
+# Annotated
+SessionDep = Annotated[AsyncSession, Depends(get_db)]
+UserDep = PathDependency(model=User, field=User.id, session_dep=SessionDep)
+
 @router.get("/users/{user_id}")
 async def get_user(user: User = UserDep):
     return user
@@ -37,8 +42,14 @@ async def get_user(user: User = UserDep):
 ```python
 from fastapi_toolsets.dependencies import BodyDependency
 
+# Plain callable
 RoleDep = BodyDependency(model=Role, field=Role.id, session_dep=get_db, body_field="role_id")
 
+# Annotated
+SessionDep = Annotated[AsyncSession, Depends(get_db)]
+RoleDep = BodyDependency(model=Role, field=Role.id, session_dep=SessionDep, body_field="role_id")
+
+
 @router.post("/users")
 async def create_user(body: UserCreateSchema, role: Role = RoleDep):
     user = User(username=body.username, role=role)

docs/module/fixtures.md

@@ -38,18 +38,20 @@ By context with [`load_fixtures_by_context`](../reference/fixtures.md#fastapi_to
 from fastapi_toolsets.fixtures import load_fixtures_by_context
 
 async with db_context() as session:
-    await load_fixtures_by_context(session=session, registry=fixtures, context=Context.TESTING)
+    await load_fixtures_by_context(session, fixtures, Context.TESTING)
 ```
 
-Directly with [`load_fixtures`](../reference/fixtures.md#fastapi_toolsets.fixtures.utils.load_fixtures):
+Directly by name with [`load_fixtures`](../reference/fixtures.md#fastapi_toolsets.fixtures.utils.load_fixtures):
 
 ```python
 from fastapi_toolsets.fixtures import load_fixtures
 
 async with db_context() as session:
-    await load_fixtures(session=session, registry=fixtures)
+    await load_fixtures(session, fixtures, "roles", "test_users")
 ```
 
+Both functions return a `dict[str, list[...]]` mapping each fixture name to the list of loaded instances.
+
 ## Contexts
 
 [`Context`](../reference/fixtures.md#fastapi_toolsets.fixtures.enum.Context) is an enum with predefined values:
@@ -58,10 +60,60 @@ async with db_context() as session:
 |---------|-------------|
 | `Context.BASE` | Core data required in all environments |
 | `Context.TESTING` | Data only loaded during tests |
+| `Context.DEVELOPMENT` | Data only loaded in development |
 | `Context.PRODUCTION` | Data only loaded in production |
 
 A fixture with no `contexts` defined takes `Context.BASE` by default.
 
+### Custom contexts
+
+Plain strings and any `Enum` subclass are accepted wherever a `Context` enum is expected.
+
+```python
+from enum import Enum
+
+class AppContext(str, Enum):
+    STAGING = "staging"
+    DEMO = "demo"
+
+@fixtures.register(contexts=[AppContext.STAGING])
+def staging_data():
+    return [Config(key="feature_x", enabled=True)]
+
+await load_fixtures_by_context(session, fixtures, AppContext.STAGING)
+```
+
+### Default context for a registry
+
+Pass `contexts` to `FixtureRegistry` to set a default for all fixtures registered in it:
+
+```python
+testing_registry = FixtureRegistry(contexts=[Context.TESTING])
+
+@testing_registry.register          # implicitly contexts=[Context.TESTING]
+def test_orders():
+    return [Order(id=1, total=99)]
+```
+
+### Same fixture name, multiple context variants
+
+The same fixture name may be registered under different (non-overlapping) context sets. When multiple contexts are loaded together, all matching variants are merged:
+
+```python
+@fixtures.register(contexts=[Context.BASE])
+def users():
+    return [User(id=1, username="admin")]
+
+@fixtures.register(contexts=[Context.TESTING])
+def users():
+    return [User(id=2, username="tester")]
+
+# loads both admin and tester
+await load_fixtures_by_context(session, fixtures, Context.BASE, Context.TESTING)
+```
+
+Registering two variants with overlapping context sets raises `ValueError`.
+
 ## Load strategies
 
 [`LoadStrategy`](../reference/fixtures.md#fastapi_toolsets.fixtures.enum.LoadStrategy) controls how the fixture loader handles rows that already exist:
@@ -69,20 +121,44 @@ A fixture with no `contexts` defined takes `Context.BASE` by default.
 | Strategy | Description |
 |----------|-------------|
 | `LoadStrategy.INSERT` | Insert only, fail on duplicates |
-| `LoadStrategy.UPSERT` | Insert or update on conflict |
+| `LoadStrategy.MERGE` | Insert or update on conflict (default) |
-| `LoadStrategy.SKIP` | Skip rows that already exist |
+| `LoadStrategy.SKIP_EXISTING` | Skip rows that already exist |
+
+```python
+await load_fixtures_by_context(
+    session, fixtures, Context.BASE, strategy=LoadStrategy.SKIP_EXISTING
+)
+```
 
 ## Merging registries
 
-Split fixtures definitions across modules and merge them:
+Split fixture definitions across modules and merge them:
 
 ```python
 from myapp.fixtures.dev import dev_fixtures
 from myapp.fixtures.prod import prod_fixtures
 
-fixtures = fixturesRegistry()
+fixtures = FixtureRegistry()
 fixtures.include_registry(registry=dev_fixtures)
 fixtures.include_registry(registry=prod_fixtures)
+```
+
+Fixtures with the same name are allowed as long as their context sets do not overlap. Conflicting contexts raise `ValueError`.
+
+## Looking up fixture instances
+
+[`get_obj_by_attr`](../reference/fixtures.md#fastapi_toolsets.fixtures.utils.get_obj_by_attr) retrieves a specific instance from a fixture function by attribute value — useful when building cross-fixture `depends_on` relationships:
+
+```python
+from fastapi_toolsets.fixtures import get_obj_by_attr
+
+@fixtures.register(depends_on=["roles"])
+def users():
+    admin_role = get_obj_by_attr(roles, "name", "admin")
+    return [User(id=1, username="alice", role_id=admin_role.id)]
+```
+
+Raises `StopIteration` if no matching instance is found.
 
 ## Pytest integration
 
@@ -111,7 +187,6 @@ async def test_user_can_login(fixture_users: list[User], fixture_roles: list[Rol
     ...
 ```
 
-
 The load order is resolved automatically from the `depends_on` declarations in your registry. Each generated fixture receives `db_session` as a dependency and returns the list of loaded model instances.
 
 ## CLI integration

docs/module/models.md

@@ -18,13 +18,15 @@ class Article(Base, UUIDMixin, TimestampMixin):
     content: Mapped[str]
 ```
 
-All timestamp columns are timezone-aware (`TIMESTAMPTZ`). All defaults are server-side, so they are also applied when inserting rows via raw SQL outside the ORM.
+All timestamp columns are timezone-aware (`TIMESTAMPTZ`). All defaults are server-side (`clock_timestamp()`), so they are also applied when inserting rows via raw SQL outside the ORM.
 
 ## Mixins
 
 ### [`UUIDMixin`](../reference/models.md#fastapi_toolsets.models.UUIDMixin)
 
-Adds a `id: UUID` primary key generated server-side by PostgreSQL using `gen_random_uuid()` (requires PostgreSQL 13+). The value is retrieved via `RETURNING` after insert, so it is available on the Python object immediately after `flush()`.
+Adds a `id: UUID` primary key generated server-side by PostgreSQL using `gen_random_uuid()`. The value is retrieved via `RETURNING` after insert, so it is available on the Python object immediately after `flush()`.
+
+!!! warning "Requires PostgreSQL 13+"
 
 ```python
 from fastapi_toolsets.models import UUIDMixin
@@ -36,13 +38,37 @@ class User(Base, UUIDMixin):
 
 # id is None before flush
 user = User(username="alice")
+session.add(user)
 await session.flush()
 print(user.id)  # UUID('...')
 ```
 
+### [`UUIDv7Mixin`](../reference/models.md#fastapi_toolsets.models.UUIDv7Mixin)
+
+!!! info "Added in `v2.3`"
+
+Adds a `id: UUID` primary key generated server-side by PostgreSQL using `uuidv7()`. It's a time-ordered UUID format that encodes a millisecond-precision timestamp in the most significant bits, making it naturally sortable and index-friendly.
+
+!!! warning "Requires PostgreSQL 18+"
+
+```python
+from fastapi_toolsets.models import UUIDv7Mixin
+
+class Event(Base, UUIDv7Mixin):
+    __tablename__ = "events"
+
+    name: Mapped[str]
+
+# id is None before flush
+event = Event(name="user.signup")
+session.add(event)
+await session.flush()
+print(event.id)  # UUID('019...')
+```
+
 ### [`CreatedAtMixin`](../reference/models.md#fastapi_toolsets.models.CreatedAtMixin)
 
-Adds a `created_at: datetime` column set to `NOW()` on insert. The column has no `onupdate` hook — it is intentionally immutable after the row is created.
+Adds a `created_at: datetime` column set to `clock_timestamp()` on insert. The column has no `onupdate` hook — it is intentionally immutable after the row is created.
 
 ```python
 from fastapi_toolsets.models import UUIDMixin, CreatedAtMixin
@@ -55,7 +81,7 @@ class Order(Base, UUIDMixin, CreatedAtMixin):
 
 ### [`UpdatedAtMixin`](../reference/models.md#fastapi_toolsets.models.UpdatedAtMixin)
 
-Adds an `updated_at: datetime` column set to `NOW()` on insert and automatically updated to `NOW()` on every ORM-level update (via SQLAlchemy's `onupdate` hook).
+Adds an `updated_at: datetime` column set to `clock_timestamp()` on insert and automatically updated to `clock_timestamp()` on every ORM-level update (via SQLAlchemy's `onupdate` hook).
 
 ```python
 from fastapi_toolsets.models import UUIDMixin, UpdatedAtMixin
@@ -91,6 +117,122 @@ class Article(Base, UUIDMixin, TimestampMixin):
     title: Mapped[str]
 ```
 
+### [`WatchedFieldsMixin`](../reference/models.md#fastapi_toolsets.models.WatchedFieldsMixin)
+
+!!! info "Added in `v2.4`"
+
+`WatchedFieldsMixin` provides lifecycle callbacks that fire **after commit** — meaning the row is durably persisted when your callback runs. If the transaction rolls back, no callback fires.
+
+Three callbacks are available, each corresponding to a [`ModelEvent`](../reference/models.md#fastapi_toolsets.models.ModelEvent) value:
+
+| Callback | Event | Trigger |
+|---|---|---|
+| `on_create()` | `ModelEvent.CREATE` | After `INSERT` |
+| `on_delete()` | `ModelEvent.DELETE` | After `DELETE` |
+| `on_update(changes)` | `ModelEvent.UPDATE` | After `UPDATE` on a watched field |
+
+Server-side defaults (e.g. `id`, `created_at`) are fully populated in all callbacks. All callbacks support both `async def` and plain `def`. Use `@watch` to restrict which fields trigger `on_update`:
+
+| Decorator | `on_update` behaviour |
+|---|---|
+| `@watch("status", "role")` | Only fires when `status` or `role` changes |
+| *(no decorator)* | Fires when **any** mapped field changes |
+
+`@watch` is inherited through the class hierarchy. If a subclass does not declare its own `@watch`, it uses the filter from the nearest decorated parent. Applying `@watch` on the subclass overrides the parent's filter:
+
+```python
+@watch("status")
+class Order(Base, UUIDMixin, WatchedFieldsMixin):
+    ...
+
+class UrgentOrder(Order):
+    # inherits @watch("status") — on_update fires only for status changes
+    ...
+
+@watch("priority")
+class PriorityOrder(Order):
+    # overrides parent — on_update fires only for priority changes
+    ...
+```
+
+#### Option 1 — catch-all with `on_event`
+
+Override `on_event` to handle all event types in one place. The specific methods delegate here by default:
+
+```python
+from fastapi_toolsets.models import ModelEvent, UUIDMixin, WatchedFieldsMixin, watch
+
+@watch("status")
+class Order(Base, UUIDMixin, WatchedFieldsMixin):
+    __tablename__ = "orders"
+
+    status: Mapped[str]
+
+    async def on_event(self, event: ModelEvent, changes: dict | None = None) -> None:
+        if event == ModelEvent.CREATE:
+            await notify_new_order(self.id)
+        elif event == ModelEvent.DELETE:
+            await notify_order_cancelled(self.id)
+        elif event == ModelEvent.UPDATE:
+            await notify_status_change(self.id, changes["status"])
+```
+
+#### Option 2 — targeted overrides
+
+Override individual methods for more focused logic:
+
+```python
+@watch("status")
+class Order(Base, UUIDMixin, WatchedFieldsMixin):
+    __tablename__ = "orders"
+
+    status: Mapped[str]
+
+    async def on_create(self) -> None:
+        await notify_new_order(self.id)
+
+    async def on_delete(self) -> None:
+        await notify_order_cancelled(self.id)
+
+    async def on_update(self, changes: dict) -> None:
+        if "status" in changes:
+            old = changes["status"]["old"]
+            new = changes["status"]["new"]
+            await notify_status_change(self.id, old, new)
+```
+
+#### Field changes format
+
+The `changes` dict maps each watched field that changed to `{"old": ..., "new": ...}`. Only fields that actually changed are included:
+
+```python
+# status changed   → {"status": {"old": "pending", "new": "shipped"}}
+# two fields changed → {"status": {...}, "assigned_to": {...}}
+```
+
+!!! info "Multiple flushes in one transaction are merged: the earliest `old` and latest `new` are preserved, and `on_update` fires only once per commit."
+
+!!! warning "Callbacks fire only for ORM-level changes. Rows updated via raw SQL (`UPDATE ... SET ...`) are not detected."
+
+!!! warning "Callbacks fire when the **outermost active context** (savepoint or transaction) commits."
+    If you create several related objects using `CrudFactory.create` and need
+    callbacks to see all of them (including associations), wrap the whole
+    operation in a single [`get_transaction`](db.md) or [`lock_tables`](db.md)
+    block. Without it, each `create` call commits its own savepoint and
+    `on_create` fires before the remaining objects exist.
+
+    ```python
+    from fastapi_toolsets.db import get_transaction
+
+    async with get_transaction(session):
+        order = await OrderCrud.create(session, order_data)
+        item  = await ItemCrud.create(session, item_data)
+        await session.refresh(order, attribute_names=["items"])
+        order.items.append(item)
+    # on_create fires here for both order and item,
+    # with the full association already committed.
+    ```
+
 ## Composing mixins
 
 All mixins can be combined in any order. The only constraint is that exactly one primary key must be defined — either via `UUIDMixin` or directly on the model.

docs/module/schemas.md

@@ -20,50 +20,115 @@ async def get_user(user: User = UserDep) -> Response[UserSchema]:
     return Response(data=user, message="User retrieved")
 ```
 
-### [`PaginatedResponse[T]`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.PaginatedResponse)
+### Paginated response models
 
-Wraps a list of items with pagination metadata and optional facet values. The `pagination` field accepts either [`OffsetPagination`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.OffsetPagination) or [`CursorPagination`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.CursorPagination) depending on the strategy used.
+Three classes wrap paginated list results. Pick the one that matches your endpoint's strategy:
 
-#### [`OffsetPagination`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.OffsetPagination)
+| Class | `pagination` type | `pagination_type` field | Use when |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| [`OffsetPaginatedResponse[T]`](#offsetpaginatedresponset) | `OffsetPagination` | `"offset"` (fixed) | endpoint always uses offset |
+| [`CursorPaginatedResponse[T]`](#cursorpaginatedresponset) | `CursorPagination` | `"cursor"` (fixed) | endpoint always uses cursor |
+| [`PaginatedResponse[T]`](#paginatedresponset) | `OffsetPagination \| CursorPagination` | — | unified endpoint supporting both strategies |
 
-Page-number based. Requires `total_count` so clients can compute the total number of pages.
+#### [`OffsetPaginatedResponse[T]`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.OffsetPaginatedResponse)
+
+!!! info "Added in `v2.3.0`"
+
+Use as the return type when the endpoint always uses [`offset_paginate`](crud.md#offset-pagination).  The `pagination` field is guaranteed to be an [`OffsetPagination`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.OffsetPagination) object; the response always includes a `pagination_type: "offset"` discriminator.
 
 ```python
-from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import PaginatedResponse, OffsetPagination
+from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import OffsetPaginatedResponse
 
 @router.get("/users")
-async def list_users() -> PaginatedResponse[UserSchema]:
+async def list_users(
-    return PaginatedResponse(
+    page: int = 1,
-        data=users,
+    items_per_page: int = 20,
-        pagination=OffsetPagination(
+) -> OffsetPaginatedResponse[UserSchema]:
-            total_count=100,
+    return await UserCrud.offset_paginate(
-            items_per_page=10,
+        session, page=page, items_per_page=items_per_page, schema=UserSchema
-            page=1,
-            has_more=True,
-        ),
     )
 ```
 
-#### [`CursorPagination`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.CursorPagination)
+**Response shape:**
 
-Cursor based. Efficient for large or frequently updated datasets where offset pagination is impractical. Provides opaque `next_cursor` / `prev_cursor` tokens; no total count is exposed.
+```json
+{
+  "status": "SUCCESS",
+  "pagination_type": "offset",
+  "data": ["..."],
+  "pagination": {
+    "total_count": 100,
+    "page": 1,
+    "items_per_page": 20,
+    "has_more": true
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### [`CursorPaginatedResponse[T]`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.CursorPaginatedResponse)
+
+!!! info "Added in `v2.3.0`"
+
+Use as the return type when the endpoint always uses [`cursor_paginate`](crud.md#cursor-pagination).  The `pagination` field is guaranteed to be a [`CursorPagination`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.CursorPagination) object; the response always includes a `pagination_type: "cursor"` discriminator.
 
 ```python
-from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import PaginatedResponse, CursorPagination
+from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPaginatedResponse
 
 @router.get("/events")
-async def list_events() -> PaginatedResponse[EventSchema]:
+async def list_events(
-    return PaginatedResponse(
+    cursor: str | None = None,
-        data=events,
+    items_per_page: int = 20,
-        pagination=CursorPagination(
+) -> CursorPaginatedResponse[EventSchema]:
-            next_cursor="eyJpZCI6IDQyfQ==",
+    return await EventCrud.cursor_paginate(
-            prev_cursor=None,
+        session, cursor=cursor, items_per_page=items_per_page, schema=EventSchema
-            items_per_page=20,
-            has_more=True,
-        ),
     )
 ```
 
+**Response shape:**
+
+```json
+{
+  "status": "SUCCESS",
+  "pagination_type": "cursor",
+  "data": ["..."],
+  "pagination": {
+    "next_cursor": "eyJpZCI6IDQyfQ==",
+    "prev_cursor": null,
+    "items_per_page": 20,
+    "has_more": true
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### [`PaginatedResponse[T]`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.PaginatedResponse)
+
+Return type for endpoints that support **both** pagination strategies via a `pagination_type` query parameter (using [`paginate()`](crud.md#unified-paginate--both-strategies-on-one-endpoint)).
+
+When used as a return annotation, `PaginatedResponse[T]` automatically expands to `Annotated[Union[CursorPaginatedResponse[T], OffsetPaginatedResponse[T]], Field(discriminator="pagination_type")]`, so FastAPI emits a proper `oneOf` + discriminator in the OpenAPI schema with no extra boilerplate:
+
+```python
+from fastapi_toolsets.crud import PaginationType
+from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import PaginatedResponse
+
+@router.get("/users")
+async def list_users(
+    pagination_type: PaginationType = PaginationType.OFFSET,
+    page: int = 1,
+    cursor: str | None = None,
+    items_per_page: int = 20,
+) -> PaginatedResponse[UserSchema]:
+    return await UserCrud.paginate(
+        session,
+        pagination_type=pagination_type,
+        page=page,
+        cursor=cursor,
+        items_per_page=items_per_page,
+        schema=UserSchema,
+    )
+```
+
+#### Pagination metadata models
+
 The optional `filter_attributes` field is populated when `facet_fields` are configured on the CRUD class (see [Filter attributes](crud.md#filter-attributes-facets)). It is `None` by default and can be hidden from API responses with `response_model_exclude_none=True`.
 
 ### [`ErrorResponse`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.ErrorResponse)

docs/reference/models.md

@@ -6,17 +6,29 @@ You can import them directly from `fastapi_toolsets.models`:
 
 ```python
 from fastapi_toolsets.models import (
+    ModelEvent,
     UUIDMixin,
+    UUIDv7Mixin,
     CreatedAtMixin,
     UpdatedAtMixin,
     TimestampMixin,
+    WatchedFieldsMixin,
+    watch,
 )
 ```
 
+## ::: fastapi_toolsets.models.ModelEvent
+
 ## ::: fastapi_toolsets.models.UUIDMixin
 
+## ::: fastapi_toolsets.models.UUIDv7Mixin
+
 ## ::: fastapi_toolsets.models.CreatedAtMixin
 
 ## ::: fastapi_toolsets.models.UpdatedAtMixin
 
 ## ::: fastapi_toolsets.models.TimestampMixin
+
+## ::: fastapi_toolsets.models.WatchedFieldsMixin
+
+## ::: fastapi_toolsets.models.watch

docs/reference/schemas.md

@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@ from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import (
     ErrorResponse,
     OffsetPagination,
     CursorPagination,
+    PaginationType,
     PaginatedResponse,
+    OffsetPaginatedResponse,
+    CursorPaginatedResponse,
 )
 ```
 
@@ -34,4 +37,10 @@ from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import (
 
 ## ::: fastapi_toolsets.schemas.CursorPagination
 
+## ::: fastapi_toolsets.schemas.PaginationType
+
 ## ::: fastapi_toolsets.schemas.PaginatedResponse
+
+## ::: fastapi_toolsets.schemas.OffsetPaginatedResponse
+
+## ::: fastapi_toolsets.schemas.CursorPaginatedResponse

docs_src/examples/pagination_search/models.py

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-import datetime
 import uuid
 
-from sqlalchemy import Boolean, DateTime, ForeignKey, String, Text, func
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, ForeignKey, String, Text
 from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column, relationship
 
+from fastapi_toolsets.models import CreatedAtMixin
+
 
 class Base(DeclarativeBase):
     pass
@@ -18,13 +19,10 @@ class Category(Base):
     articles: Mapped[list["Article"]] = relationship(back_populates="category")
 
 
-class Article(Base):
+class Article(Base, CreatedAtMixin):
     __tablename__ = "articles"
 
     id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
-    created_at: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column(
-        DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=func.now()
-    )
     title: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(256))
     body: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(Text)
     status: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(32))

docs_src/examples/pagination_search/routes.py

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 from typing import Annotated
 
-from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, Query
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends
 
 from fastapi_toolsets.crud import OrderByClause
-from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import PaginatedResponse
+from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import (
+    CursorPaginatedResponse,
+    OffsetPaginatedResponse,
+    PaginatedResponse,
+)
 
 from .crud import ArticleCrud
 from .db import SessionDep
@@ -16,19 +20,20 @@ router = APIRouter(prefix="/articles")
 @router.get("/offset")
 async def list_articles_offset(
     session: SessionDep,
+    params: Annotated[
+        dict,
+        Depends(ArticleCrud.offset_params(default_page_size=20, max_page_size=100)),
+    ],
     filter_by: Annotated[dict[str, list[str]], Depends(ArticleCrud.filter_params())],
     order_by: Annotated[
         OrderByClause | None,
         Depends(ArticleCrud.order_params(default_field=Article.created_at)),
     ],
-    page: int = Query(1, ge=1),
-    items_per_page: int = Query(20, ge=1, le=100),
     search: str | None = None,
-) -> PaginatedResponse[ArticleRead]:
+) -> OffsetPaginatedResponse[ArticleRead]:
     return await ArticleCrud.offset_paginate(
         session=session,
-        page=page,
+        **params,
-        items_per_page=items_per_page,
         search=search,
         filter_by=filter_by or None,
         order_by=order_by,
@@ -39,19 +44,44 @@ async def list_articles_offset(
 @router.get("/cursor")
 async def list_articles_cursor(
     session: SessionDep,
+    params: Annotated[
+        dict,
+        Depends(ArticleCrud.cursor_params(default_page_size=20, max_page_size=100)),
+    ],
     filter_by: Annotated[dict[str, list[str]], Depends(ArticleCrud.filter_params())],
     order_by: Annotated[
         OrderByClause | None,
         Depends(ArticleCrud.order_params(default_field=Article.created_at)),
     ],
-    cursor: str | None = None,
-    items_per_page: int = Query(20, ge=1, le=100),
     search: str | None = None,
-) -> PaginatedResponse[ArticleRead]:
+) -> CursorPaginatedResponse[ArticleRead]:
     return await ArticleCrud.cursor_paginate(
         session=session,
-        cursor=cursor,
+        **params,
-        items_per_page=items_per_page,
+        search=search,
+        filter_by=filter_by or None,
+        order_by=order_by,
+        schema=ArticleRead,
+    )
+
+
+@router.get("/")
+async def list_articles(
+    session: SessionDep,
+    params: Annotated[
+        dict,
+        Depends(ArticleCrud.paginate_params(default_page_size=20, max_page_size=100)),
+    ],
+    filter_by: Annotated[dict[str, list[str]], Depends(ArticleCrud.filter_params())],
+    order_by: Annotated[
+        OrderByClause | None,
+        Depends(ArticleCrud.order_params(default_field=Article.created_at)),
+    ],
+    search: str | None = None,
+) -> PaginatedResponse[ArticleRead]:
+    return await ArticleCrud.paginate(
+        session,
+        **params,
         search=search,
         filter_by=filter_by or None,
         order_by=order_by,

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "fastapi-toolsets"
-version = "2.1.0"
+version = "2.4.3"
 description = "Production-ready utilities for FastAPI applications"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ dev = [
     {include-group = "tests"},
     {include-group = "docs"},
     "fastapi-toolsets[all]",
+    "prek>=0.3.8",
     "ruff>=0.1.0",
     "ty>=0.0.1a0",
 ]
@@ -79,12 +80,13 @@ tests = [
     "pytest>=8.0.0",
 ]
 docs = [
+    "mike",
     "mkdocstrings-python>=2.0.2",
-    "zensical>=0.0.23",
+    "zensical>=0.0.30",
 ]
 
 [build-system]
-requires = ["uv_build>=0.10,<0.11.0"]
+requires = ["uv_build>=0.10,<0.12.0"]
 build-backend = "uv_build"
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
@@ -103,3 +105,6 @@ exclude_lines = [
     "if TYPE_CHECKING:",
     "raise NotImplementedError",
 ]
+
+[tool.uv.sources]
+mike = { git = "https://github.com/squidfunk/mike.git", tag = "2.2.0+zensical-0.1.0" }

src/fastapi_toolsets/__init__.py

@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ Example usage:
         return Response(data={"user": user.username}, message="Success")
 """
 
-__version__ = "2.1.0"
+__version__ = "2.4.3"

src/fastapi_toolsets/crud/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """Generic async CRUD operations for SQLAlchemy models."""
 
 from ..exceptions import InvalidFacetFilterError, NoSearchableFieldsError
+from ..schemas import PaginationType
 from ..types import (
     FacetFieldType,
     JoinType,
@@ -8,10 +9,11 @@ from ..types import (
     OrderByClause,
     SearchFieldType,
 )
-from .factory import CrudFactory
+from .factory import AsyncCrud, CrudFactory
 from .search import SearchConfig, get_searchable_fields
 
 __all__ = [
+    "AsyncCrud",
     "CrudFactory",
     "FacetFieldType",
     "get_searchable_fields",
@@ -20,6 +22,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "M2MFieldType",
     "NoSearchableFieldsError",
     "OrderByClause",
+    "PaginationType",
     "SearchConfig",
     "SearchFieldType",
 ]

src/fastapi_toolsets/crud/factory.py

@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ import uuid as uuid_module
 from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Sequence
 from datetime import date, datetime
 from decimal import Decimal
+from enum import Enum
 from typing import Any, ClassVar, Generic, Literal, Self, cast, overload
 
 from fastapi import Query
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 from sqlalchemy import Date, DateTime, Float, Integer, Numeric, Uuid, and_, func, select
-from sqlalchemy import delete as sql_delete
 from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert
 from sqlalchemy.exc import NoResultFound
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
@@ -24,7 +24,14 @@ from sqlalchemy.sql.roles import WhereHavingRole
 
 from ..db import get_transaction
 from ..exceptions import InvalidOrderFieldError, NotFoundError
-from ..schemas import CursorPagination, OffsetPagination, PaginatedResponse, Response
+from ..schemas import (
+    CursorPaginatedResponse,
+    CursorPagination,
+    OffsetPaginatedResponse,
+    OffsetPagination,
+    PaginationType,
+    Response,
+)
 from ..types import (
     FacetFieldType,
     JoinType,
@@ -43,14 +50,58 @@ from .search import (
 )
 
 
-def _encode_cursor(value: Any) -> str:
+class _CursorDirection(str, Enum):
-    """Encode cursor column value as an base64 string."""
+    NEXT = "next"
-    return base64.b64encode(json.dumps(str(value)).encode()).decode()
+    PREV = "prev"
 
 
-def _decode_cursor(cursor: str) -> str:
+def _encode_cursor(
-    """Decode cursor base64 string."""
+    value: Any, *, direction: _CursorDirection = _CursorDirection.NEXT
-    return json.loads(base64.b64decode(cursor.encode()).decode())
+) -> str:
+    """Encode a cursor column value and navigation direction as a URL-safe base64 string."""
+    return (
+        base64.urlsafe_b64encode(
+            json.dumps({"val": str(value), "dir": direction}).encode()
+        )
+        .decode()
+        .rstrip("=")
+    )
+
+
+def _decode_cursor(cursor: str) -> tuple[str, _CursorDirection]:
+    """Decode a URL-safe base64 cursor string into ``(raw_value, direction)``."""
+    padded = cursor + "=" * (-len(cursor) % 4)
+    payload = json.loads(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(padded).decode())
+    return payload["val"], _CursorDirection(payload["dir"])
+
+
+def _page_size_query(default: int, max_size: int) -> int:
+    """Return a FastAPI ``Query`` for the ``items_per_page`` parameter."""
+    return Query(
+        default,
+        ge=1,
+        le=max_size,
+        description=f"Number of items per page (max {max_size})",
+    )
+
+
+def _parse_cursor_value(raw_val: str, col_type: Any) -> Any:
+    """Parse a raw cursor string value back into the appropriate Python type."""
+    if isinstance(col_type, Integer):
+        return int(raw_val)
+    if isinstance(col_type, Uuid):
+        return uuid_module.UUID(raw_val)
+    if isinstance(col_type, DateTime):
+        return datetime.fromisoformat(raw_val)
+    if isinstance(col_type, Date):
+        return date.fromisoformat(raw_val)
+    if isinstance(col_type, (Float, Numeric)):
+        return Decimal(raw_val)
+    raise ValueError(
+        f"Unsupported cursor column type: {type(col_type).__name__!r}. "
+        "Supported types: Integer, BigInteger, SmallInteger, Uuid, "
+        "DateTime, Date, Float, Numeric."
+    )
 
 
 def _apply_joins(q: Any, joins: JoinType | None, outer_join: bool) -> Any:
@@ -80,13 +131,34 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
     facet_fields: ClassVar[Sequence[FacetFieldType] | None] = None
     order_fields: ClassVar[Sequence[QueryableAttribute[Any]] | None] = None
     m2m_fields: ClassVar[M2MFieldType | None] = None
-    default_load_options: ClassVar[list[ExecutableOption] | None] = None
+    default_load_options: ClassVar[Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None] = None
     cursor_column: ClassVar[Any | None] = None
 
+    @classmethod
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
+        if "model" not in cls.__dict__:
+            return
+        model: type[DeclarativeBase] = cls.__dict__["model"]
+        pk_key = model.__mapper__.primary_key[0].key
+        assert pk_key is not None
+        pk_col = getattr(model, pk_key)
+
+        raw_fields: Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None = cls.__dict__.get(
+            "searchable_fields", None
+        )
+        if raw_fields is None:
+            cls.searchable_fields = [pk_col]
+        else:
+            if not any(
+                not isinstance(f, tuple) and f.key == pk_key for f in raw_fields
+            ):
+                cls.searchable_fields = [pk_col, *raw_fields]
+
     @classmethod
     def _resolve_load_options(
-        cls, load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None
+        cls, load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None
-    ) -> list[ExecutableOption] | None:
+    ) -> Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None:
         """Return load_options if provided, else fall back to default_load_options."""
         if load_options is not None:
             return load_options
@@ -197,6 +269,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         facet_fields: Sequence[FacetFieldType] | None = None,
     ) -> Callable[..., Awaitable[dict[str, list[str]]]]:
         """Return a FastAPI dependency that collects facet filter values from query parameters.
+
         Args:
             facet_fields: Override the facet fields for this dependency. Falls back to the
                 class-level ``facet_fields`` if not provided.
@@ -222,7 +295,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             return {k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if v is not None}
 
         dependency.__name__ = f"{cls.model.__name__}FilterParams"
-        dependency.__signature__ = inspect.Signature(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        dependency.__signature__ = inspect.Signature(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]  # ty:ignore[unresolved-attribute]
             parameters=[
                 inspect.Parameter(
                     k,
@@ -236,6 +309,121 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
 
         return dependency
 
+    @classmethod
+    def offset_params(
+        cls: type[Self],
+        *,
+        default_page_size: int = 20,
+        max_page_size: int = 100,
+        include_total: bool = True,
+    ) -> Callable[..., Awaitable[dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Return a FastAPI dependency that collects offset pagination params from query params.
+
+        Args:
+            default_page_size: Default value for the ``items_per_page`` query parameter.
+            max_page_size: Maximum allowed value for ``items_per_page`` (enforced via
+                ``le`` on the ``Query``).
+            include_total: Server-side flag forwarded as-is to ``include_total`` in
+                :meth:`offset_paginate`. Not exposed as a query parameter.
+
+        Returns:
+            An async dependency that resolves to a dict with ``page``,
+            ``items_per_page``, and ``include_total`` keys, ready to be
+            unpacked into :meth:`offset_paginate`.
+        """
+
+        async def dependency(
+            page: int = Query(1, ge=1, description="Page number (1-indexed)"),
+            items_per_page: int = _page_size_query(default_page_size, max_page_size),
+        ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+            return {
+                "page": page,
+                "items_per_page": items_per_page,
+                "include_total": include_total,
+            }
+
+        dependency.__name__ = f"{cls.model.__name__}OffsetParams"
+        return dependency
+
+    @classmethod
+    def cursor_params(
+        cls: type[Self],
+        *,
+        default_page_size: int = 20,
+        max_page_size: int = 100,
+    ) -> Callable[..., Awaitable[dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Return a FastAPI dependency that collects cursor pagination params from query params.
+
+        Args:
+            default_page_size: Default value for the ``items_per_page`` query parameter.
+            max_page_size: Maximum allowed value for ``items_per_page`` (enforced via
+                ``le`` on the ``Query``).
+
+        Returns:
+            An async dependency that resolves to a dict with ``cursor`` and
+            ``items_per_page`` keys, ready to be unpacked into
+            :meth:`cursor_paginate`.
+        """
+
+        async def dependency(
+            cursor: str | None = Query(
+                None, description="Cursor token from a previous response"
+            ),
+            items_per_page: int = _page_size_query(default_page_size, max_page_size),
+        ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+            return {"cursor": cursor, "items_per_page": items_per_page}
+
+        dependency.__name__ = f"{cls.model.__name__}CursorParams"
+        return dependency
+
+    @classmethod
+    def paginate_params(
+        cls: type[Self],
+        *,
+        default_page_size: int = 20,
+        max_page_size: int = 100,
+        default_pagination_type: PaginationType = PaginationType.OFFSET,
+        include_total: bool = True,
+    ) -> Callable[..., Awaitable[dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Return a FastAPI dependency that collects all pagination params from query params.
+
+        Args:
+            default_page_size: Default value for the ``items_per_page`` query parameter.
+            max_page_size: Maximum allowed value for ``items_per_page`` (enforced via
+                ``le`` on the ``Query``).
+            default_pagination_type: Default pagination strategy.
+            include_total: Server-side flag forwarded as-is to ``include_total`` in
+                :meth:`paginate`. Not exposed as a query parameter.
+
+        Returns:
+            An async dependency that resolves to a dict with ``pagination_type``,
+            ``page``, ``cursor``, ``items_per_page``, and ``include_total`` keys,
+            ready to be unpacked into :meth:`paginate`.
+        """
+
+        async def dependency(
+            pagination_type: PaginationType = Query(
+                default_pagination_type, description="Pagination strategy"
+            ),
+            page: int = Query(
+                1, ge=1, description="Page number (1-indexed, offset only)"
+            ),
+            cursor: str | None = Query(
+                None, description="Cursor token from a previous response (cursor only)"
+            ),
+            items_per_page: int = _page_size_query(default_page_size, max_page_size),
+        ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+            return {
+                "pagination_type": pagination_type,
+                "page": page,
+                "cursor": cursor,
+                "items_per_page": items_per_page,
+                "include_total": include_total,
+            }
+
+        dependency.__name__ = f"{cls.model.__name__}PaginateParams"
+        return dependency
+
     @classmethod
     def order_params(
         cls: type[Self],
@@ -361,7 +549,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
         with_for_update: bool = False,
-        load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         schema: type[SchemaType],
     ) -> Response[SchemaType]: ...
 
@@ -375,7 +563,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
         with_for_update: bool = False,
-        load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         schema: None = ...,
     ) -> ModelType: ...
 
@@ -388,7 +576,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
         with_for_update: bool = False,
-        load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         schema: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
     ) -> ModelType | Response[Any]:
         """Get exactly one record. Raises NotFoundError if not found.
@@ -410,6 +598,82 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             NotFoundError: If no record found
             MultipleResultsFound: If more than one record found
         """
+        result = await cls.get_or_none(
+            session,
+            filters,
+            joins=joins,
+            outer_join=outer_join,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            load_options=load_options,
+            schema=schema,
+        )
+        if result is None:
+            raise NotFoundError()
+        return result
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def get_or_none(  # pragma: no cover
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        filters: list[Any],
+        *,
+        joins: JoinType | None = None,
+        outer_join: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        schema: type[SchemaType],
+    ) -> Response[SchemaType] | None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def get_or_none(  # pragma: no cover
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        filters: list[Any],
+        *,
+        joins: JoinType | None = None,
+        outer_join: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        schema: None = ...,
+    ) -> ModelType | None: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def get_or_none(
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        filters: list[Any],
+        *,
+        joins: JoinType | None = None,
+        outer_join: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        schema: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
+    ) -> ModelType | Response[Any] | None:
+        """Get exactly one record, or ``None`` if not found.
+
+        Like :meth:`get` but returns ``None`` instead of raising
+        :class:`~fastapi_toolsets.exceptions.NotFoundError` when no record
+        matches the filters.
+
+        Args:
+            session: DB async session
+            filters: List of SQLAlchemy filter conditions
+            joins: List of (model, condition) tuples for joining related tables
+            outer_join: Use LEFT OUTER JOIN instead of INNER JOIN
+            with_for_update: Lock the row for update
+            load_options: SQLAlchemy loader options (e.g., selectinload)
+            schema: Pydantic schema to serialize the result into. When provided,
+                the result is automatically wrapped in a ``Response[schema]``.
+
+        Returns:
+            Model instance, ``Response[schema]`` when ``schema`` is given,
+            or ``None`` when no record matches.
+
+        Raises:
+            MultipleResultsFound: If more than one record found
+        """
         q = select(cls.model)
         q = _apply_joins(q, joins, outer_join)
         q = q.where(and_(*filters))
@@ -419,12 +683,40 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             q = q.with_for_update()
         result = await session.execute(q)
         item = result.unique().scalar_one_or_none()
-        if not item:
+        if item is None:
-            raise NotFoundError()
+            return None
-        result = cast(ModelType, item)
+        db_model = cast(ModelType, item)
         if schema:
-            return Response(data=schema.model_validate(result))
+            return Response(data=schema.model_validate(db_model))
-        return result
+        return db_model
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def first(  # pragma: no cover
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        filters: list[Any] | None = None,
+        *,
+        joins: JoinType | None = None,
+        outer_join: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        schema: type[SchemaType],
+    ) -> Response[SchemaType] | None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def first(  # pragma: no cover
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        filters: list[Any] | None = None,
+        *,
+        joins: JoinType | None = None,
+        outer_join: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        schema: None = ...,
+    ) -> ModelType | None: ...
 
     @classmethod
     async def first(
@@ -434,8 +726,10 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         *,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
-        load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        with_for_update: bool = False,
-    ) -> ModelType | None:
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        schema: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
+    ) -> ModelType | Response[Any] | None:
         """Get the first matching record, or None.
 
         Args:
@@ -443,10 +737,14 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             filters: List of SQLAlchemy filter conditions
             joins: List of (model, condition) tuples for joining related tables
             outer_join: Use LEFT OUTER JOIN instead of INNER JOIN
-            load_options: SQLAlchemy loader options
+            with_for_update: Lock the row for update
+            load_options: SQLAlchemy loader options (e.g., selectinload)
+            schema: Pydantic schema to serialize the result into. When provided,
+                the result is automatically wrapped in a ``Response[schema]``.
 
         Returns:
-            Model instance or None
+            Model instance, ``Response[schema]`` when ``schema`` is given,
+            or ``None`` when no record matches.
         """
         q = select(cls.model)
         q = _apply_joins(q, joins, outer_join)
@@ -454,8 +752,16 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             q = q.where(and_(*filters))
         if resolved := cls._resolve_load_options(load_options):
             q = q.options(*resolved)
+        if with_for_update:
+            q = q.with_for_update()
         result = await session.execute(q)
-        return cast(ModelType | None, result.unique().scalars().first())
+        item = result.unique().scalars().first()
+        if item is None:
+            return None
+        db_model = cast(ModelType, item)
+        if schema:
+            return Response(data=schema.model_validate(db_model))
+        return db_model
 
     @classmethod
     async def get_multi(
@@ -465,7 +771,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         filters: list[Any] | None = None,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
-        load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         order_by: OrderByClause | None = None,
         limit: int | None = None,
         offset: int | None = None,
@@ -674,8 +980,10 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             ``None``, or ``Response[None]`` when ``return_response=True``.
         """
         async with get_transaction(session):
-            q = sql_delete(cls.model).where(and_(*filters))
+            result = await session.execute(select(cls.model).where(and_(*filters)))
-            await session.execute(q)
+            objects = result.scalars().all()
+            for obj in objects:
+                await session.delete(obj)
         if return_response:
             return Response(data=None)
         return None
@@ -741,16 +1049,17 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         filters: list[Any] | None = None,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
-        load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         order_by: OrderByClause | None = None,
         page: int = 1,
         items_per_page: int = 20,
+        include_total: bool = True,
         search: str | SearchConfig | None = None,
         search_fields: Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None = None,
         facet_fields: Sequence[FacetFieldType] | None = None,
         filter_by: dict[str, Any] | BaseModel | None = None,
         schema: type[BaseModel],
-    ) -> PaginatedResponse[Any]:
+    ) -> OffsetPaginatedResponse[Any]:
         """Get paginated results using offset-based pagination.
 
         Args:
@@ -762,6 +1071,8 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             order_by: Column or list of columns to order by
             page: Page number (1-indexed)
             items_per_page: Number of items per page
+            include_total: When ``False``, skip the ``COUNT`` query;
+                ``pagination.total_count`` will be ``None``.
             search: Search query string or SearchConfig object
             search_fields: Fields to search in (overrides class default)
             facet_fields: Columns to compute distinct values for (overrides class default)
@@ -806,39 +1117,50 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         if order_by is not None:
             q = q.order_by(order_by)
 
-        q = q.offset(offset).limit(items_per_page)
+        if include_total:
-        result = await session.execute(q)
+            q = q.offset(offset).limit(items_per_page)
-        raw_items = cast(list[ModelType], result.unique().scalars().all())
+            result = await session.execute(q)
+            raw_items = cast(list[ModelType], result.unique().scalars().all())
+
+            # Count query (with same joins and filters)
+            pk_col = cls.model.__mapper__.primary_key[0]
+            count_q = select(func.count(func.distinct(getattr(cls.model, pk_col.name))))
+            count_q = count_q.select_from(cls.model)
+
+            # Apply explicit joins to count query
+            count_q = _apply_joins(count_q, joins, outer_join)
+
+            # Apply search joins to count query
+            count_q = _apply_search_joins(count_q, search_joins)
+
+            if filters:
+                count_q = count_q.where(and_(*filters))
+
+            count_result = await session.execute(count_q)
+            total_count: int | None = count_result.scalar_one()
+            has_more = page * items_per_page < total_count
+        else:
+            # Fetch one extra row to detect if a next page exists without COUNT
+            q = q.offset(offset).limit(items_per_page + 1)
+            result = await session.execute(q)
+            raw_items = cast(list[ModelType], result.unique().scalars().all())
+            has_more = len(raw_items) > items_per_page
+            raw_items = raw_items[:items_per_page]
+            total_count = None
+
         items: list[Any] = [schema.model_validate(item) for item in raw_items]
 
-        # Count query (with same joins and filters)
-        pk_col = cls.model.__mapper__.primary_key[0]
-        count_q = select(func.count(func.distinct(getattr(cls.model, pk_col.name))))
-        count_q = count_q.select_from(cls.model)
-
-        # Apply explicit joins to count query
-        count_q = _apply_joins(count_q, joins, outer_join)
-
-        # Apply search joins to count query
-        count_q = _apply_search_joins(count_q, search_joins)
-
-        if filters:
-            count_q = count_q.where(and_(*filters))
-
-        count_result = await session.execute(count_q)
-        total_count = count_result.scalar_one()
-
         filter_attributes = await cls._build_filter_attributes(
             session, facet_fields, filters, search_joins
         )
 
-        return PaginatedResponse(
+        return OffsetPaginatedResponse(
             data=items,
             pagination=OffsetPagination(
                 total_count=total_count,
                 items_per_page=items_per_page,
                 page=page,
-                has_more=page * items_per_page < total_count,
+                has_more=has_more,
             ),
             filter_attributes=filter_attributes,
         )
@@ -852,7 +1174,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         filters: list[Any] | None = None,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
-        load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         order_by: OrderByClause | None = None,
         items_per_page: int = 20,
         search: str | SearchConfig | None = None,
@@ -860,7 +1182,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         facet_fields: Sequence[FacetFieldType] | None = None,
         filter_by: dict[str, Any] | BaseModel | None = None,
         schema: type[BaseModel],
-    ) -> PaginatedResponse[Any]:
+    ) -> CursorPaginatedResponse[Any]:
         """Get paginated results using cursor-based pagination.
 
         Args:
@@ -899,26 +1221,15 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         cursor_column: Any = cls.cursor_column
         cursor_col_name: str = cursor_column.key
 
+        direction = _CursorDirection.NEXT
         if cursor is not None:
-            raw_val = _decode_cursor(cursor)
+            raw_val, direction = _decode_cursor(cursor)
             col_type = cursor_column.property.columns[0].type
-            if isinstance(col_type, Integer):
+            cursor_val: Any = _parse_cursor_value(raw_val, col_type)
-                cursor_val: Any = int(raw_val)
+            if direction is _CursorDirection.PREV:
-            elif isinstance(col_type, Uuid):
+                filters.append(cursor_column < cursor_val)
-                cursor_val = uuid_module.UUID(raw_val)
-            elif isinstance(col_type, DateTime):
-                cursor_val = datetime.fromisoformat(raw_val)
-            elif isinstance(col_type, Date):
-                cursor_val = date.fromisoformat(raw_val)
-            elif isinstance(col_type, (Float, Numeric)):
-                cursor_val = Decimal(raw_val)
             else:
-                raise ValueError(
+                filters.append(cursor_column > cursor_val)
-                    f"Unsupported cursor column type: {type(col_type).__name__!r}. "
-                    "Supported types: Integer, BigInteger, SmallInteger, Uuid, "
-                    "DateTime, Date, Float, Numeric."
-                )
-            filters.append(cursor_column > cursor_val)
 
         # Build search filters
         if search:
@@ -945,12 +1256,15 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         if resolved := cls._resolve_load_options(load_options):
             q = q.options(*resolved)
 
-        # Cursor column is always the primary sort
+        # Cursor column is always the primary sort; reverse direction for prev traversal
-        q = q.order_by(cursor_column)
+        if direction is _CursorDirection.PREV:
+            q = q.order_by(cursor_column.desc())
+        else:
+            q = q.order_by(cursor_column)
         if order_by is not None:
             q = q.order_by(order_by)
 
-        # Fetch one extra to detect whether a next page exists
+        # Fetch one extra to detect whether another page exists in this direction
         q = q.limit(items_per_page + 1)
         result = await session.execute(q)
         raw_items = cast(list[ModelType], result.unique().scalars().all())
@@ -958,15 +1272,36 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         has_more = len(raw_items) > items_per_page
         items_page = raw_items[:items_per_page]
 
-        # next_cursor points past the last item on this page
+        # Restore ascending order when traversing backward
-        next_cursor: str | None = None
+        if direction is _CursorDirection.PREV:
-        if has_more and items_page:
+            items_page = list(reversed(items_page))
-            next_cursor = _encode_cursor(getattr(items_page[-1], cursor_col_name))
 
-        # prev_cursor points to the first item on this page or None when on the first page
+        # next_cursor: points past the last item in ascending order
+        next_cursor: str | None = None
+        if direction is _CursorDirection.NEXT:
+            if has_more and items_page:
+                next_cursor = _encode_cursor(
+                    getattr(items_page[-1], cursor_col_name),
+                    direction=_CursorDirection.NEXT,
+                )
+        else:
+            # Going backward: always provide a next_cursor to allow returning forward
+            if items_page:
+                next_cursor = _encode_cursor(
+                    getattr(items_page[-1], cursor_col_name),
+                    direction=_CursorDirection.NEXT,
+                )
+
+        # prev_cursor: points before the first item in ascending order
         prev_cursor: str | None = None
-        if cursor is not None and items_page:
+        if direction is _CursorDirection.NEXT and cursor is not None and items_page:
-            prev_cursor = _encode_cursor(getattr(items_page[0], cursor_col_name))
+            prev_cursor = _encode_cursor(
+                getattr(items_page[0], cursor_col_name), direction=_CursorDirection.PREV
+            )
+        elif direction is _CursorDirection.PREV and has_more and items_page:
+            prev_cursor = _encode_cursor(
+                getattr(items_page[0], cursor_col_name), direction=_CursorDirection.PREV
+            )
 
         items: list[Any] = [schema.model_validate(item) for item in items_page]
 
@@ -974,7 +1309,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             session, facet_fields, filters, search_joins
         )
 
-        return PaginatedResponse(
+        return CursorPaginatedResponse(
             data=items,
             pagination=CursorPagination(
                 next_cursor=next_cursor,
@@ -985,21 +1320,169 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             filter_attributes=filter_attributes,
         )
 
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def paginate(  # pragma: no cover
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        *,
+        pagination_type: Literal[PaginationType.OFFSET],
+        filters: list[Any] | None = ...,
+        joins: JoinType | None = ...,
+        outer_join: bool = ...,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = ...,
+        order_by: OrderByClause | None = ...,
+        page: int = ...,
+        cursor: str | None = ...,
+        items_per_page: int = ...,
+        include_total: bool = ...,
+        search: str | SearchConfig | None = ...,
+        search_fields: Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None = ...,
+        facet_fields: Sequence[FacetFieldType] | None = ...,
+        filter_by: dict[str, Any] | BaseModel | None = ...,
+        schema: type[BaseModel],
+    ) -> OffsetPaginatedResponse[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def paginate(  # pragma: no cover
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        *,
+        pagination_type: Literal[PaginationType.CURSOR],
+        filters: list[Any] | None = ...,
+        joins: JoinType | None = ...,
+        outer_join: bool = ...,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = ...,
+        order_by: OrderByClause | None = ...,
+        page: int = ...,
+        cursor: str | None = ...,
+        items_per_page: int = ...,
+        include_total: bool = ...,
+        search: str | SearchConfig | None = ...,
+        search_fields: Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None = ...,
+        facet_fields: Sequence[FacetFieldType] | None = ...,
+        filter_by: dict[str, Any] | BaseModel | None = ...,
+        schema: type[BaseModel],
+    ) -> CursorPaginatedResponse[Any]: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def paginate(
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        *,
+        pagination_type: PaginationType = PaginationType.OFFSET,
+        filters: list[Any] | None = None,
+        joins: JoinType | None = None,
+        outer_join: bool = False,
+        load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        order_by: OrderByClause | None = None,
+        page: int = 1,
+        cursor: str | None = None,
+        items_per_page: int = 20,
+        include_total: bool = True,
+        search: str | SearchConfig | None = None,
+        search_fields: Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None = None,
+        facet_fields: Sequence[FacetFieldType] | None = None,
+        filter_by: dict[str, Any] | BaseModel | None = None,
+        schema: type[BaseModel],
+    ) -> OffsetPaginatedResponse[Any] | CursorPaginatedResponse[Any]:
+        """Get paginated results using either offset or cursor pagination.
+
+        Args:
+            session: DB async session.
+            pagination_type: Pagination strategy.  Defaults to
+                ``PaginationType.OFFSET``.
+            filters: List of SQLAlchemy filter conditions.
+            joins: List of ``(model, condition)`` tuples for joining related
+                tables.
+            outer_join: Use LEFT OUTER JOIN instead of INNER JOIN.
+            load_options: SQLAlchemy loader options.  Falls back to
+                ``default_load_options`` when not provided.
+            order_by: Column or expression to order results by.
+            page: Page number (1-indexed).  Only used when
+                ``pagination_type`` is ``OFFSET``.
+            cursor: Cursor token from a previous
+                :class:`.CursorPaginatedResponse`.  Only used when
+                ``pagination_type`` is ``CURSOR``.
+            items_per_page: Number of items per page (default 20).
+            include_total: When ``False``, skip the ``COUNT`` query;
+                only applies when ``pagination_type`` is ``OFFSET``.
+            search: Search query string or :class:`.SearchConfig` object.
+            search_fields: Fields to search in (overrides class default).
+            facet_fields: Columns to compute distinct values for (overrides
+                class default).
+            filter_by: Dict of ``{column_key: value}`` to filter by declared
+                facet fields.  Keys must match the ``column.key`` of a facet
+                field.  Scalar → equality, list → IN clause.  Raises
+                :exc:`.InvalidFacetFilterError` for unknown keys.
+            schema: Pydantic schema to serialize each item into.
+
+        Returns:
+            :class:`.OffsetPaginatedResponse` when ``pagination_type`` is
+            ``OFFSET``, :class:`.CursorPaginatedResponse` when it is
+            ``CURSOR``.
+        """
+        if items_per_page < 1:
+            raise ValueError(f"items_per_page must be >= 1, got {items_per_page}")
+        match pagination_type:
+            case PaginationType.CURSOR:
+                return await cls.cursor_paginate(
+                    session,
+                    cursor=cursor,
+                    filters=filters,
+                    joins=joins,
+                    outer_join=outer_join,
+                    load_options=load_options,
+                    order_by=order_by,
+                    items_per_page=items_per_page,
+                    search=search,
+                    search_fields=search_fields,
+                    facet_fields=facet_fields,
+                    filter_by=filter_by,
+                    schema=schema,
+                )
+            case PaginationType.OFFSET:
+                if page < 1:
+                    raise ValueError(f"page must be >= 1, got {page}")
+                return await cls.offset_paginate(
+                    session,
+                    filters=filters,
+                    joins=joins,
+                    outer_join=outer_join,
+                    load_options=load_options,
+                    order_by=order_by,
+                    page=page,
+                    items_per_page=items_per_page,
+                    include_total=include_total,
+                    search=search,
+                    search_fields=search_fields,
+                    facet_fields=facet_fields,
+                    filter_by=filter_by,
+                    schema=schema,
+                )
+            case _:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unknown pagination_type: {pagination_type!r}")
+
 
 def CrudFactory(
     model: type[ModelType],
     *,
+    base_class: type[AsyncCrud[Any]] = AsyncCrud,
     searchable_fields: Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None = None,
     facet_fields: Sequence[FacetFieldType] | None = None,
     order_fields: Sequence[QueryableAttribute[Any]] | None = None,
     m2m_fields: M2MFieldType | None = None,
-    default_load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+    default_load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
     cursor_column: Any | None = None,
 ) -> type[AsyncCrud[ModelType]]:
     """Create a CRUD class for a specific model.
 
     Args:
         model: SQLAlchemy model class
+        base_class: Optional base class to inherit from instead of ``AsyncCrud``.
+            Use this to share custom methods across multiple CRUD classes while
+            still using the factory shorthand.
         searchable_fields: Optional list of searchable fields
         facet_fields: Optional list of columns to compute distinct values for in paginated
             responses. Supports direct columns (``User.status``) and relationship tuples
@@ -1090,11 +1573,24 @@ def CrudFactory(
             joins=[(Post, Post.user_id == User.id)],
             outer_join=True,
         )
+
+        # With a shared custom base class:
+        from typing import Generic, TypeVar
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+
+        T = TypeVar("T", bound=DeclarativeBase)
+
+        class AuditedCrud(AsyncCrud[T], Generic[T]):
+            @classmethod
+            async def get_active(cls, session):
+                return await cls.get_multi(session, filters=[cls.model.is_active == True])
+
+        UserCrud = CrudFactory(User, base_class=AuditedCrud)
         ```
     """
     cls = type(
         f"Async{model.__name__}Crud",
-        (AsyncCrud,),
+        (base_class,),
         {
             "model": model,
             "searchable_fields": searchable_fields,

src/fastapi_toolsets/crud/search.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 import asyncio
 import functools
-from collections import Counter
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass, replace
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ def build_search_filters(
 
 
 def facet_keys(facet_fields: Sequence[FacetFieldType]) -> list[str]:
-    """Return a key for each facet field, disambiguating duplicate column keys.
+    """Return a key for each facet field.
 
     Args:
         facet_fields: Sequence of facet fields — either direct columns or
@@ -160,22 +159,12 @@ def facet_keys(facet_fields: Sequence[FacetFieldType]) -> list[str]:
     Returns:
         A list of string keys, one per facet field, in the same order.
     """
-    raw: list[tuple[str, str | None]] = []
+    keys: list[str] = []
     for field in facet_fields:
         if isinstance(field, tuple):
-            rel = field[-2]
+            keys.append("__".join(el.key for el in field))
-            column = field[-1]
-            raw.append((column.key, rel.key))
         else:
-            raw.append((field.key, None))
+            keys.append(field.key)
-
-    counts = Counter(col_key for col_key, _ in raw)
-    keys: list[str] = []
-    for col_key, rel_key in raw:
-        if counts[col_key] > 1 and rel_key is not None:
-            keys.append(f"{rel_key}__{col_key}")
-        else:
-            keys.append(col_key)
     return keys
 
 

src/fastapi_toolsets/db.py

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ def create_db_dependency(
 
     async def get_db() -> AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]:
         async with session_maker() as session:
+            await session.connection()
             yield session
             if session.in_transaction():
                 await session.commit()

src/fastapi_toolsets/dependencies.py

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 """Dependency factories for FastAPI routes."""
 
 import inspect
+import typing
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from typing import Any, cast
 
 from fastapi import Depends
+from fastapi.params import Depends as DependsClass
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
 from .crud import CrudFactory
@@ -13,6 +15,15 @@ from .types import ModelType, SessionDependency
 __all__ = ["BodyDependency", "PathDependency"]
 
 
+def _unwrap_session_dep(session_dep: SessionDependency) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+    """Extract the plain callable from ``Annotated[AsyncSession, Depends(fn)]`` if needed."""
+    if typing.get_origin(session_dep) is typing.Annotated:
+        for arg in typing.get_args(session_dep)[1:]:
+            if isinstance(arg, DependsClass):
+                return arg.dependency
+    return session_dep
+
+
 def PathDependency(
     model: type[ModelType],
     field: Any,
@@ -44,6 +55,7 @@ def PathDependency(
         ): ...
         ```
     """
+    session_callable = _unwrap_session_dep(session_dep)
     crud = CrudFactory(model)
     name = (
         param_name
@@ -53,7 +65,7 @@ def PathDependency(
     python_type = field.type.python_type
 
     async def dependency(
-        session: AsyncSession = Depends(session_dep), **kwargs: Any
+        session: AsyncSession = Depends(session_callable), **kwargs: Any
     ) -> ModelType:
         value = kwargs[name]
         return await crud.get(session, filters=[field == value])
@@ -70,7 +82,7 @@ def PathDependency(
                     "session",
                     inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY,
                     annotation=AsyncSession,
-                    default=Depends(session_dep),
+                    default=Depends(session_callable),
                 ),
             ]
         ),
@@ -112,11 +124,12 @@ def BodyDependency(
         ): ...
         ```
     """
+    session_callable = _unwrap_session_dep(session_dep)
     crud = CrudFactory(model)
     python_type = field.type.python_type
 
     async def dependency(
-        session: AsyncSession = Depends(session_dep), **kwargs: Any
+        session: AsyncSession = Depends(session_callable), **kwargs: Any
     ) -> ModelType:
         value = kwargs[body_field]
         return await crud.get(session, filters=[field == value])
@@ -133,7 +146,7 @@ def BodyDependency(
                     "session",
                     inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY,
                     annotation=AsyncSession,
-                    default=Depends(session_dep),
+                    default=Depends(session_callable),
                 ),
             ]
         ),

src/fastapi_toolsets/exceptions/handler.py

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def init_exceptions_handlers(app: FastAPI) -> FastAPI:
     """
     _register_exception_handlers(app)
     _original_openapi = app.openapi
-    app.openapi = lambda: _patched_openapi(app, _original_openapi)  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+    app.openapi = lambda: _patched_openapi(app, _original_openapi)  # type: ignore[method-assign]  # ty:ignore[invalid-assignment]
     return app
 
 

src/fastapi_toolsets/fixtures/registry.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from enum import Enum
 from typing import Any, cast
 
 from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
@@ -12,6 +13,13 @@ from .enum import Context
 logger = get_logger()
 
 
+def _normalize_contexts(
+    contexts: list[str | Enum] | tuple[str | Enum, ...],
+) -> list[str]:
+    """Convert a sequence of any Enum subclass and/or plain strings to a list of strings."""
+    return [c.value if isinstance(c, Enum) else c for c in contexts]
+
+
 @dataclass
 class Fixture:
     """A fixture definition with metadata."""
@@ -50,26 +58,51 @@ class FixtureRegistry:
                 Post(id=1, title="Test", user_id=1),
             ]
         ```
+
+    Fixtures with the same name may be registered for **different** contexts.
+    When multiple contexts are loaded together, their instances are merged:
+
+        ```python
+        @fixtures.register(contexts=[Context.BASE])
+        def users():
+            return [User(id=1, username="admin")]
+
+        @fixtures.register(contexts=[Context.TESTING])
+        def users():
+            return [User(id=2, username="tester")]
+        # load_fixtures_by_context(..., Context.BASE, Context.TESTING)
+        # → loads both User(admin) and User(tester) under the "users" name
+        ```
     """
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        contexts: list[str | Context] | None = None,
+        contexts: list[str | Enum] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
-        self._fixtures: dict[str, Fixture] = {}
+        self._fixtures: dict[str, list[Fixture]] = {}
         self._default_contexts: list[str] | None = (
-            [c.value if isinstance(c, Context) else c for c in contexts]
+            _normalize_contexts(contexts) if contexts else None
-            if contexts
-            else None
         )
 
+    def _validate_no_context_overlap(self, name: str, new_contexts: list[str]) -> None:
+        """Raise ``ValueError`` if any existing variant for *name* overlaps."""
+        existing_variants = self._fixtures.get(name, [])
+        new_set = set(new_contexts)
+        for variant in existing_variants:
+            if set(variant.contexts) & new_set:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Fixture '{name}' already exists in the current registry "
+                    f"with overlapping contexts. Use distinct context sets for "
+                    f"each variant of the same fixture name."
+                )
+
     def register(
         self,
         func: Callable[[], Sequence[DeclarativeBase]] | None = None,
         *,
         name: str | None = None,
         depends_on: list[str] | None = None,
-        contexts: list[str | Context] | None = None,
+        contexts: list[str | Enum] | None = None,
     ) -> Callable[..., Any]:
         """Register a fixture function.
 
@@ -79,7 +112,8 @@ class FixtureRegistry:
             func: Fixture function returning list of model instances
             name: Fixture name (defaults to function name)
             depends_on: List of fixture names this depends on
-            contexts: List of contexts this fixture belongs to
+            contexts: List of contexts this fixture belongs to.  Both
+                :class:`Context` enum values and plain strings are accepted.
 
         Example:
             ```python
@@ -90,7 +124,6 @@ class FixtureRegistry:
             @fixtures.register(depends_on=["roles"], contexts=[Context.TESTING])
             def test_users():
                 return [User(id=1, username="test", role_id=1)]
-            ```
         """
 
         def decorator(
@@ -98,19 +131,20 @@ class FixtureRegistry:
         ) -> Callable[[], Sequence[DeclarativeBase]]:
             fixture_name = name or cast(Any, fn).__name__
             if contexts is not None:
-                fixture_contexts = [
+                fixture_contexts = _normalize_contexts(contexts)
-                    c.value if isinstance(c, Context) else c for c in contexts
-                ]
             elif self._default_contexts is not None:
                 fixture_contexts = self._default_contexts
             else:
                 fixture_contexts = [Context.BASE.value]
 
-            self._fixtures[fixture_name] = Fixture(
+            self._validate_no_context_overlap(fixture_name, fixture_contexts)
-                name=fixture_name,
+            self._fixtures.setdefault(fixture_name, []).append(
-                func=fn,
+                Fixture(
-                depends_on=depends_on or [],
+                    name=fixture_name,
-                contexts=fixture_contexts,
+                    func=fn,
+                    depends_on=depends_on or [],
+                    contexts=fixture_contexts,
+                )
             )
             return fn
 
@@ -121,11 +155,14 @@ class FixtureRegistry:
     def include_registry(self, registry: "FixtureRegistry") -> None:
         """Include another `FixtureRegistry` in the same current `FixtureRegistry`.
 
+        Fixtures with the same name are allowed as long as their context sets
+        do not overlap.  Conflicting contexts raise :class:`ValueError`.
+
         Args:
             registry: The `FixtureRegistry` to include
 
         Raises:
-            ValueError: If a fixture name already exists in the current registry
+            ValueError: If a fixture name already exists with overlapping contexts
 
         Example:
             ```python
@@ -139,31 +176,73 @@ class FixtureRegistry:
             registry.include_registry(registry=dev_registry)
             ```
         """
-        for name, fixture in registry._fixtures.items():
+        for name, variants in registry._fixtures.items():
-            if name in self._fixtures:
+            for fixture in variants:
-                raise ValueError(
+                self._validate_no_context_overlap(name, fixture.contexts)
-                    f"Fixture '{name}' already exists in the current registry"
+                self._fixtures.setdefault(name, []).append(fixture)
-                )
-            self._fixtures[name] = fixture
 
     def get(self, name: str) -> Fixture:
-        """Get a fixture by name."""
+        """Get a fixture by name.
+
+        Raises:
+            KeyError: If no fixture with *name* is registered.
+            ValueError: If the fixture has multiple context variants — use
+                :meth:`get_variants` in that case.
+        """
         if name not in self._fixtures:
             raise KeyError(f"Fixture '{name}' not found")
-        return self._fixtures[name]
+        variants = self._fixtures[name]
+        if len(variants) > 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Fixture '{name}' has {len(variants)} context variants. "
+                f"Use get_variants('{name}') to retrieve them."
+            )
+        return variants[0]
+
+    def get_variants(self, name: str, *contexts: str | Enum) -> list[Fixture]:
+        """Return all registered variants for *name*, optionally filtered by context.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Fixture name.
+            *contexts: If given, only return variants whose context set
+                intersects with these values.  Both :class:`Context` enum
+                values and plain strings are accepted.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of matching :class:`Fixture` objects (may be empty when a
+            context filter is applied and nothing matches).
+
+        Raises:
+            KeyError: If no fixture with *name* is registered.
+        """
+        if name not in self._fixtures:
+            raise KeyError(f"Fixture '{name}' not found")
+        variants = self._fixtures[name]
+        if not contexts:
+            return list(variants)
+        context_values = set(_normalize_contexts(contexts))
+        return [v for v in variants if set(v.contexts) & context_values]
 
     def get_all(self) -> list[Fixture]:
-        """Get all registered fixtures."""
+        """Get all registered fixtures (all variants of all names)."""
-        return list(self._fixtures.values())
+        return [f for variants in self._fixtures.values() for f in variants]
 
-    def get_by_context(self, *contexts: str | Context) -> list[Fixture]:
+    def get_by_context(self, *contexts: str | Enum) -> list[Fixture]:
         """Get fixtures for specific contexts."""
-        context_values = {c.value if isinstance(c, Context) else c for c in contexts}
+        context_values = set(_normalize_contexts(contexts))
-        return [f for f in self._fixtures.values() if set(f.contexts) & context_values]
+        return [
+            f
+            for variants in self._fixtures.values()
+            for f in variants
+            if set(f.contexts) & context_values
+        ]
 
     def resolve_dependencies(self, *names: str) -> list[str]:
         """Resolve fixture dependencies in topological order.
 
+        When a fixture name has multiple context variants, the union of all
+        variants' ``depends_on`` lists is used.
+
         Args:
             *names: Fixture names to resolve
 
@@ -185,9 +264,20 @@ class FixtureRegistry:
                 raise ValueError(f"Circular dependency detected: {name}")
 
             visiting.add(name)
-            fixture = self.get(name)
+            variants = self._fixtures.get(name)
+            if variants is None:
+                raise KeyError(f"Fixture '{name}' not found")
 
-            for dep in fixture.depends_on:
+            # Union of depends_on across all variants, preserving first-seen order.
+            seen_deps: set[str] = set()
+            all_deps: list[str] = []
+            for variant in variants:
+                for dep in variant.depends_on:
+                    if dep not in seen_deps:
+                        all_deps.append(dep)
+                        seen_deps.add(dep)
+
+            for dep in all_deps:
                 visit(dep)
 
             visiting.remove(name)
@@ -199,7 +289,7 @@ class FixtureRegistry:
 
         return resolved
 
-    def resolve_context_dependencies(self, *contexts: str | Context) -> list[str]:
+    def resolve_context_dependencies(self, *contexts: str | Enum) -> list[str]:
         """Resolve all fixtures for contexts with dependencies.
 
         Args:
@@ -209,7 +299,9 @@ class FixtureRegistry:
             List of fixture names in load order
         """
         context_fixtures = self.get_by_context(*contexts)
-        names = [f.name for f in context_fixtures]
+        # Deduplicate names while preserving first-seen order (a name can
+        # appear multiple times if it has variants in different contexts).
+        names = list(dict.fromkeys(f.name for f in context_fixtures))
 
         all_deps: set[str] = set()
         for name in names:

src/fastapi_toolsets/fixtures/utils.py

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 """Fixture loading utilities for database seeding."""
 
 from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+from enum import Enum
 from typing import Any
 
+from sqlalchemy import inspect as sa_inspect
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert as pg_insert
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
 
@@ -10,23 +13,163 @@ from ..db import get_transaction
 from ..logger import get_logger
 from ..types import ModelType
 from .enum import LoadStrategy
-from .registry import Context, FixtureRegistry
+from .registry import FixtureRegistry, _normalize_contexts
 
 logger = get_logger()
 
 
+def _instance_to_dict(instance: DeclarativeBase) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Extract column values from a model instance, skipping unset server-default columns."""
+    state = sa_inspect(instance)
+    state_dict = state.dict
+    result: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    for prop in state.mapper.column_attrs:
+        if prop.key not in state_dict:
+            continue
+        val = state_dict[prop.key]
+        if val is None:
+            col = prop.columns[0]
+
+            if col.server_default is not None or (
+                col.default is not None and col.default.is_callable
+            ):
+                continue
+        result[prop.key] = val
+    return result
+
+
+def _normalize_rows(dicts: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Ensure all row dicts share the same key set."""
+    all_keys: set[str] = set().union(*dicts)
+    return [{k: d.get(k) for k in all_keys} for d in dicts]
+
+
+def _group_by_type(
+    instances: list[DeclarativeBase],
+) -> list[tuple[type[DeclarativeBase], list[DeclarativeBase]]]:
+    """Group instances by their concrete model class, preserving insertion order."""
+    groups: dict[type[DeclarativeBase], list[DeclarativeBase]] = {}
+    for instance in instances:
+        groups.setdefault(type(instance), []).append(instance)
+    return list(groups.items())
+
+
+async def _batch_insert(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+    model_cls: type[DeclarativeBase],
+    instances: list[DeclarativeBase],
+) -> None:
+    """INSERT all instances — raises on conflict (no duplicate handling)."""
+    dicts = _normalize_rows([_instance_to_dict(i) for i in instances])
+    await session.execute(pg_insert(model_cls).values(dicts))
+
+
+async def _batch_merge(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+    model_cls: type[DeclarativeBase],
+    instances: list[DeclarativeBase],
+) -> None:
+    """UPSERT: insert new rows, update existing ones with the provided values."""
+    mapper = model_cls.__mapper__
+    pk_names = [col.name for col in mapper.primary_key]
+    pk_names_set = set(pk_names)
+    non_pk_cols = [
+        prop.key
+        for prop in mapper.column_attrs
+        if not any(col.name in pk_names_set for col in prop.columns)
+    ]
+
+    dicts = _normalize_rows([_instance_to_dict(i) for i in instances])
+    stmt = pg_insert(model_cls).values(dicts)
+
+    inserted_keys = set(dicts[0]) if dicts else set()
+    update_cols = [col for col in non_pk_cols if col in inserted_keys]
+
+    if update_cols:
+        stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+            index_elements=pk_names,
+            set_={col: stmt.excluded[col] for col in update_cols},
+        )
+    else:
+        stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=pk_names)
+
+    await session.execute(stmt)
+
+
+async def _batch_skip_existing(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+    model_cls: type[DeclarativeBase],
+    instances: list[DeclarativeBase],
+) -> list[DeclarativeBase]:
+    """INSERT only rows that do not already exist; return the inserted ones."""
+    mapper = model_cls.__mapper__
+    pk_names = [col.name for col in mapper.primary_key]
+
+    no_pk: list[DeclarativeBase] = []
+    with_pk_pairs: list[tuple[DeclarativeBase, Any]] = []
+    for inst in instances:
+        pk = _get_primary_key(inst)
+        if pk is None:
+            no_pk.append(inst)
+        else:
+            with_pk_pairs.append((inst, pk))
+
+    loaded: list[DeclarativeBase] = list(no_pk)
+    if no_pk:
+        await session.execute(
+            pg_insert(model_cls).values(
+                _normalize_rows([_instance_to_dict(i) for i in no_pk])
+            )
+        )
+
+    if with_pk_pairs:
+        with_pk = [i for i, _ in with_pk_pairs]
+        stmt = (
+            pg_insert(model_cls)
+            .values(_normalize_rows([_instance_to_dict(i) for i in with_pk]))
+            .on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=pk_names)
+        )
+        result = await session.execute(stmt.returning(*mapper.primary_key))
+        inserted_pks = {row[0] if len(pk_names) == 1 else tuple(row) for row in result}
+        loaded.extend(inst for inst, pk in with_pk_pairs if pk in inserted_pks)
+
+    return loaded
+
+
 async def _load_ordered(
     session: AsyncSession,
     registry: FixtureRegistry,
     ordered_names: list[str],
     strategy: LoadStrategy,
+    contexts: tuple[str, ...] | None = None,
 ) -> dict[str, list[DeclarativeBase]]:
-    """Load fixtures in order."""
+    """Load fixtures in order using batch Core INSERT statements.
+
+    When *contexts* is provided only variants whose context set intersects with
+    *contexts* are called for each name; their instances are concatenated.
+    When *contexts* is ``None`` all variants of each name are loaded.
+    """
     results: dict[str, list[DeclarativeBase]] = {}
 
     for name in ordered_names:
-        fixture = registry.get(name)
+        variants = (
-        instances = list(fixture.func())
+            registry.get_variants(name, *contexts)
+            if contexts is not None
+            else registry.get_variants(name)
+        )
+
+        # Cross-context dependency fallback: if we're loading by context but
+        # no variant matches (e.g. a "base"-only fixture required by a
+        # "testing" fixture), load all available variants so the dependency
+        # is satisfied.
+        if contexts is not None and not variants:
+            variants = registry.get_variants(name)
+
+        if not variants:
+            results[name] = []
+            continue
+
+        instances = [inst for v in variants for inst in v.func()]
 
         if not instances:
             results[name] = []
@@ -36,25 +179,17 @@ async def _load_ordered(
         loaded: list[DeclarativeBase] = []
 
         async with get_transaction(session):
-            for instance in instances:
+            for model_cls, group in _group_by_type(instances):
-                if strategy == LoadStrategy.INSERT:
+                match strategy:
-                    session.add(instance)
+                    case LoadStrategy.INSERT:
-                    loaded.append(instance)
+                        await _batch_insert(session, model_cls, group)
-
+                        loaded.extend(group)
-                elif strategy == LoadStrategy.MERGE:
+                    case LoadStrategy.MERGE:
-                    merged = await session.merge(instance)
+                        await _batch_merge(session, model_cls, group)
-                    loaded.append(merged)
+                        loaded.extend(group)
-
+                    case LoadStrategy.SKIP_EXISTING:
-                else:  # LoadStrategy.SKIP_EXISTING
+                        inserted = await _batch_skip_existing(session, model_cls, group)
-                    pk = _get_primary_key(instance)
+                        loaded.extend(inserted)
-                    if pk is not None:
-                        existing = await session.get(type(instance), pk)
-                        if existing is None:
-                            session.add(instance)
-                            loaded.append(instance)
-                    else:
-                        session.add(instance)
-                        loaded.append(instance)
 
         results[name] = loaded
         logger.info(f"Loaded fixture '{name}': {len(loaded)} {model_name}(s)")
@@ -109,6 +244,8 @@ async def load_fixtures(
 ) -> dict[str, list[DeclarativeBase]]:
     """Load specific fixtures by name with dependencies.
 
+    All context variants of each requested fixture are loaded and merged.
+
     Args:
         session: Database session
         registry: Fixture registry
@@ -125,19 +262,27 @@ async def load_fixtures(
 async def load_fixtures_by_context(
     session: AsyncSession,
     registry: FixtureRegistry,
-    *contexts: str | Context,
+    *contexts: str | Enum,
     strategy: LoadStrategy = LoadStrategy.MERGE,
 ) -> dict[str, list[DeclarativeBase]]:
     """Load all fixtures for specific contexts.
 
+    For each fixture name, only the variants whose context set intersects with
+    *contexts* are loaded.  When a name has variants in multiple of the
+    requested contexts, their instances are merged before being inserted.
+
     Args:
         session: Database session
         registry: Fixture registry
-        *contexts: Contexts to load (e.g., Context.BASE, Context.TESTING)
+        *contexts: Contexts to load (e.g., ``Context.BASE``, ``Context.TESTING``,
+            or plain strings for custom contexts)
         strategy: How to handle existing records
 
     Returns:
         Dict mapping fixture names to loaded instances
     """
+    context_strings = tuple(_normalize_contexts(contexts))
     ordered = registry.resolve_context_dependencies(*contexts)
-    return await _load_ordered(session, registry, ordered, strategy)
+    return await _load_ordered(
+        session, registry, ordered, strategy, contexts=context_strings
+    )

src/fastapi_toolsets/logger.py

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def configure_logging(
 _SENTINEL = object()
 
 
-def get_logger(name: str | None = _SENTINEL) -> logging.Logger:  # type: ignore[assignment]
+def get_logger(name: str | None = _SENTINEL) -> logging.Logger:  # type: ignore[assignment]  # ty:ignore[invalid-parameter-default]
     """Return a logger with the given *name*.
 
     A thin convenience wrapper around :func:`logging.getLogger` that keeps

src/fastapi_toolsets/models/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""SQLAlchemy model mixins for common column patterns."""
+
+from .columns import (
+    CreatedAtMixin,
+    TimestampMixin,
+    UUIDMixin,
+    UUIDv7Mixin,
+    UpdatedAtMixin,
+)
+from .watched import ModelEvent, WatchedFieldsMixin, watch
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ModelEvent",
+    "UUIDMixin",
+    "UUIDv7Mixin",
+    "CreatedAtMixin",
+    "UpdatedAtMixin",
+    "TimestampMixin",
+    "WatchedFieldsMixin",
+    "watch",
+]

src/fastapi_toolsets/models/columns.py

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-"""SQLAlchemy model mixins for common column patterns."""
+"""SQLAlchemy column mixins for common column patterns."""
 
 import uuid
 from datetime import datetime
 
-from sqlalchemy import DateTime, Uuid, func, text
+from sqlalchemy import DateTime, Uuid, text
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped, mapped_column
 
 __all__ = [
     "UUIDMixin",
+    "UUIDv7Mixin",
     "CreatedAtMixin",
     "UpdatedAtMixin",
     "TimestampMixin",
@@ -24,12 +25,22 @@ class UUIDMixin:
     )
 
 
+class UUIDv7Mixin:
+    """Mixin that adds a UUIDv7 primary key auto-generated by the database."""
+
+    id: Mapped[uuid.UUID] = mapped_column(
+        Uuid,
+        primary_key=True,
+        server_default=text("uuidv7()"),
+    )
+
+
 class CreatedAtMixin:
     """Mixin that adds a ``created_at`` timestamp column."""
 
     created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
         DateTime(timezone=True),
-        server_default=func.now(),
+        server_default=text("clock_timestamp()"),
     )
 
 
@@ -38,8 +49,8 @@ class UpdatedAtMixin:
 
     updated_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
         DateTime(timezone=True),
-        server_default=func.now(),
+        server_default=text("clock_timestamp()"),
-        onupdate=func.now(),
+        onupdate=text("clock_timestamp()"),
     )
 
 

src/fastapi_toolsets/models/watched.py

@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+"""Field-change monitoring via SQLAlchemy session events."""
+
+import asyncio
+import inspect
+import weakref
+from collections.abc import Awaitable
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any, TypeVar
+
+from sqlalchemy import event
+from sqlalchemy import inspect as sa_inspect
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+from sqlalchemy.orm.attributes import set_committed_value as _sa_set_committed_value
+
+from ..logger import get_logger
+
+__all__ = ["ModelEvent", "WatchedFieldsMixin", "watch"]
+
+_logger = get_logger()
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_CALLBACK_ERROR_MSG = "WatchedFieldsMixin callback raised an unhandled exception"
+_WATCHED_FIELDS: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[type, list[str]] = (
+    weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+)
+_SESSION_PENDING_NEW = "_ft_pending_new"
+_SESSION_CREATES = "_ft_creates"
+_SESSION_DELETES = "_ft_deletes"
+_SESSION_UPDATES = "_ft_updates"
+_SESSION_SAVEPOINT_DEPTH = "_ft_sp_depth"
+_DEFERRED_STRATEGY_KEY = (("deferred", True), ("instrument", True))
+
+
+class ModelEvent(str, Enum):
+    """Event types emitted by :class:`WatchedFieldsMixin`."""
+
+    CREATE = "create"
+    DELETE = "delete"
+    UPDATE = "update"
+
+
+def watch(*fields: str) -> Any:
+    """Class decorator to filter which fields trigger ``on_update``.
+
+    Args:
+        *fields: One or more field names to watch. At least one name is required.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If called with no field names.
+    """
+    if not fields:
+        raise ValueError("@watch requires at least one field name.")
+
+    def decorator(cls: type[_T]) -> type[_T]:
+        _WATCHED_FIELDS[cls] = list(fields)
+        return cls
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def _snapshot_column_attrs(obj: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Read currently-loaded column values into a plain dict."""
+    state = sa_inspect(obj)  # InstanceState
+    state_dict = state.dict
+    snapshot: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    for prop in state.mapper.column_attrs:
+        if prop.key in state_dict:
+            snapshot[prop.key] = state_dict[prop.key]
+        elif (
+            not state.expired
+            and prop.strategy_key != _DEFERRED_STRATEGY_KEY
+            and all(
+                col.nullable
+                and col.server_default is None
+                and col.server_onupdate is None
+                for col in prop.columns
+            )
+        ):
+            snapshot[prop.key] = None
+    return snapshot
+
+
+def _get_watched_fields(cls: type) -> list[str] | None:
+    """Return the watched fields for *cls*, walking the MRO to inherit from parents."""
+    for klass in cls.__mro__:
+        if klass in _WATCHED_FIELDS:
+            return _WATCHED_FIELDS[klass]
+    return None
+
+
+def _upsert_changes(
+    pending: dict[int, tuple[Any, dict[str, dict[str, Any]]]],
+    obj: Any,
+    changes: dict[str, dict[str, Any]],
+) -> None:
+    """Insert or merge *changes* into *pending* for *obj*."""
+    key = id(obj)
+    if key in pending:
+        existing = pending[key][1]
+        for field, change in changes.items():
+            if field in existing:
+                existing[field]["new"] = change["new"]
+            else:
+                existing[field] = change
+    else:
+        pending[key] = (obj, changes)
+
+
+@event.listens_for(AsyncSession.sync_session_class, "after_transaction_create")
+def _after_transaction_create(session: Any, transaction: Any) -> None:
+    if transaction.nested:
+        session.info[_SESSION_SAVEPOINT_DEPTH] = (
+            session.info.get(_SESSION_SAVEPOINT_DEPTH, 0) + 1
+        )
+
+
+@event.listens_for(AsyncSession.sync_session_class, "after_transaction_end")
+def _after_transaction_end(session: Any, transaction: Any) -> None:
+    if transaction.nested:
+        depth = session.info.get(_SESSION_SAVEPOINT_DEPTH, 0)
+        if depth > 0:  # pragma: no branch
+            session.info[_SESSION_SAVEPOINT_DEPTH] = depth - 1
+
+
+@event.listens_for(AsyncSession.sync_session_class, "after_flush")
+def _after_flush(session: Any, flush_context: Any) -> None:
+    # New objects: capture references while session.new is still populated.
+    # Values are read in _after_flush_postexec once RETURNING has been processed.
+    for obj in session.new:
+        if isinstance(obj, WatchedFieldsMixin):
+            session.info.setdefault(_SESSION_PENDING_NEW, []).append(obj)
+
+    # Deleted objects: capture before they leave the identity map.
+    for obj in session.deleted:
+        if isinstance(obj, WatchedFieldsMixin):
+            session.info.setdefault(_SESSION_DELETES, []).append(obj)
+
+    # Dirty objects: read old/new from SQLAlchemy attribute history.
+    for obj in session.dirty:
+        if not isinstance(obj, WatchedFieldsMixin):
+            continue
+
+        # None = not in dict = watch all fields; list = specific fields only
+        watched = _get_watched_fields(type(obj))
+        changes: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {}
+
+        attrs = (
+            # Specific fields
+            ((field, sa_inspect(obj).attrs[field]) for field in watched)
+            if watched is not None
+            # All mapped fields
+            else ((s.key, s) for s in sa_inspect(obj).attrs)
+        )
+        for field, attr_state in attrs:
+            history = attr_state.history
+            if history.has_changes() and history.deleted:
+                changes[field] = {
+                    "old": history.deleted[0],
+                    "new": history.added[0] if history.added else None,
+                }
+
+        if changes:
+            _upsert_changes(
+                session.info.setdefault(_SESSION_UPDATES, {}),
+                obj,
+                changes,
+            )
+
+
+@event.listens_for(AsyncSession.sync_session_class, "after_flush_postexec")
+def _after_flush_postexec(session: Any, flush_context: Any) -> None:
+    # New objects are now persistent and RETURNING values have been applied,
+    # so server defaults (id, created_at, …) are available via getattr.
+    pending_new: list[Any] = session.info.pop(_SESSION_PENDING_NEW, [])
+    if not pending_new:
+        return
+    session.info.setdefault(_SESSION_CREATES, []).extend(pending_new)
+
+
+@event.listens_for(AsyncSession.sync_session_class, "after_rollback")
+def _after_rollback(session: Any) -> None:
+    session.info.pop(_SESSION_PENDING_NEW, None)
+    session.info.pop(_SESSION_CREATES, None)
+    session.info.pop(_SESSION_DELETES, None)
+    session.info.pop(_SESSION_UPDATES, None)
+
+
+def _task_error_handler(task: asyncio.Task[Any]) -> None:
+    if not task.cancelled() and (exc := task.exception()):
+        _logger.error(_CALLBACK_ERROR_MSG, exc_info=exc)
+
+
+def _schedule_with_snapshot(
+    loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop, obj: Any, fn: Any, *args: Any
+) -> None:
+    """Snapshot *obj*'s column attrs now (before expire_on_commit wipes them),
+    then schedule a coroutine that restores the snapshot and calls *fn*.
+    """
+    snapshot = _snapshot_column_attrs(obj)
+
+    async def _run(
+        obj: Any = obj,
+        fn: Any = fn,
+        snapshot: dict[str, Any] = snapshot,
+        args: tuple = args,
+    ) -> None:
+        for key, value in snapshot.items():
+            _sa_set_committed_value(obj, key, value)
+        try:
+            result = fn(*args)
+            if inspect.isawaitable(result):
+                await result
+        except Exception as exc:
+            _logger.error(_CALLBACK_ERROR_MSG, exc_info=exc)
+
+    task = loop.create_task(_run())
+    task.add_done_callback(_task_error_handler)
+
+
+@event.listens_for(AsyncSession.sync_session_class, "after_commit")
+def _after_commit(session: Any) -> None:
+    if session.info.get(_SESSION_SAVEPOINT_DEPTH, 0) > 0:
+        return
+
+    creates: list[Any] = session.info.pop(_SESSION_CREATES, [])
+    deletes: list[Any] = session.info.pop(_SESSION_DELETES, [])
+    field_changes: dict[int, tuple[Any, dict[str, dict[str, Any]]]] = session.info.pop(
+        _SESSION_UPDATES, {}
+    )
+
+    if creates and deletes:
+        transient_ids = {id(o) for o in creates} & {id(o) for o in deletes}
+        if transient_ids:
+            creates = [o for o in creates if id(o) not in transient_ids]
+            deletes = [o for o in deletes if id(o) not in transient_ids]
+            field_changes = {
+                k: v for k, v in field_changes.items() if k not in transient_ids
+            }
+
+    if not creates and not deletes and not field_changes:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    except RuntimeError:
+        return
+
+    for obj in creates:
+        _schedule_with_snapshot(loop, obj, obj.on_create)
+
+    for obj in deletes:
+        _schedule_with_snapshot(loop, obj, obj.on_delete)
+
+    for obj, changes in field_changes.values():
+        _schedule_with_snapshot(loop, obj, obj.on_update, changes)
+
+
+class WatchedFieldsMixin:
+    """Mixin that enables lifecycle callbacks for SQLAlchemy models."""
+
+    def on_event(
+        self, event: ModelEvent, changes: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] | None = None
+    ) -> Awaitable[None] | None:
+        """Catch-all callback fired for every lifecycle event.
+
+        Args:
+            event: The event type (:attr:`ModelEvent.CREATE`, :attr:`ModelEvent.DELETE`,
+                or :attr:`ModelEvent.UPDATE`).
+            changes: Field changes for :attr:`ModelEvent.UPDATE`, ``None`` otherwise.
+        """
+
+    def on_create(self) -> Awaitable[None] | None:
+        """Called after INSERT commit."""
+        return self.on_event(ModelEvent.CREATE)
+
+    def on_delete(self) -> Awaitable[None] | None:
+        """Called after DELETE commit."""
+        return self.on_event(ModelEvent.DELETE)
+
+    def on_update(self, changes: dict[str, dict[str, Any]]) -> Awaitable[None] | None:
+        """Called after UPDATE commit when watched fields change."""
+        return self.on_event(ModelEvent.UPDATE, changes=changes)

src/fastapi_toolsets/pytest/utils.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
 from typing import Any
 
 from httpx import ASGITransport, AsyncClient
+from sqlalchemy import text
 from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import (
     AsyncSession,
@@ -15,13 +16,8 @@ from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import (
 )
 from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
 
-from sqlalchemy import text
+from ..db import cleanup_tables as _cleanup_tables
-
+from ..db import create_database
-from ..db import (
-    cleanup_tables as _cleanup_tables,
-    create_database,
-    create_db_context,
-)
 
 
 async def cleanup_tables(
@@ -129,7 +125,8 @@ async def create_worker_database(
     worker_url = worker_database_url(
         database_url=database_url, default_test_db=default_test_db
     )
-    worker_db_name: str = make_url(worker_url).database  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    worker_db_name = make_url(worker_url).database
+    assert worker_db_name is not None
 
     engine = create_async_engine(database_url, isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")
     try:
@@ -268,15 +265,12 @@ async def create_db_session(
         async with engine.begin() as conn:
             await conn.run_sync(base.metadata.create_all)
 
-        # Create session using existing db context utility
         session_maker = async_sessionmaker(engine, expire_on_commit=expire_on_commit)
-        get_session = create_db_context(session_maker)
+        async with session_maker() as session:
-
-        async with get_session() as session:
             yield session
 
             if cleanup:
-                await cleanup_tables(session, base)
+                await _cleanup_tables(session=session, base=base)
 
         if drop_tables:
             async with engine.begin() as conn:

src/fastapi_toolsets/schemas.py

@@ -1,18 +1,22 @@
 """Base Pydantic schemas for API responses."""
 
+import math
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any, ClassVar, Generic
+from typing import Annotated, Any, ClassVar, Generic, Literal, TypeVar, Union
 
-from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, computed_field
 
 from .types import DataT
 
 __all__ = [
     "ApiError",
     "CursorPagination",
+    "CursorPaginatedResponse",
     "ErrorResponse",
     "OffsetPagination",
+    "OffsetPaginatedResponse",
     "PaginatedResponse",
+    "PaginationType",
     "PydanticBase",
     "Response",
     "ResponseStatus",
@@ -95,17 +99,29 @@ class OffsetPagination(PydanticBase):
     """Pagination metadata for offset-based list responses.
 
     Attributes:
-        total_count: Total number of items across all pages
+        total_count: Total number of items across all pages.
+            ``None`` when ``include_total=False``.
         items_per_page: Number of items per page
         page: Current page number (1-indexed)
         has_more: Whether there are more pages
+        pages: Total number of pages
     """
 
-    total_count: int
+    total_count: int | None
     items_per_page: int
     page: int
     has_more: bool
 
+    @computed_field
+    @property
+    def pages(self) -> int | None:
+        """Total number of pages, or ``None`` when ``total_count`` is unknown."""
+        if self.total_count is None:
+            return None
+        if self.items_per_page == 0:
+            return 0
+        return math.ceil(self.total_count / self.items_per_page)
+
 
 class CursorPagination(PydanticBase):
     """Pagination metadata for cursor-based list responses.
@@ -123,9 +139,66 @@ class CursorPagination(PydanticBase):
     has_more: bool
 
 
+class PaginationType(str, Enum):
+    """Pagination strategy selector for :meth:`.AsyncCrud.paginate`."""
+
+    OFFSET = "offset"
+    CURSOR = "cursor"
+
+
 class PaginatedResponse(BaseResponse, Generic[DataT]):
-    """Paginated API response for list endpoints."""
+    """Paginated API response for list endpoints.
+
+    Base class and return type for endpoints that support both pagination
+    strategies.  Use :class:`OffsetPaginatedResponse` or
+    :class:`CursorPaginatedResponse` when the strategy is fixed.
+
+    When used as ``PaginatedResponse[T]`` in a return annotation, subscripting
+    returns ``Annotated[Union[CursorPaginatedResponse[T], OffsetPaginatedResponse[T]], Field(discriminator="pagination_type")]``
+    so FastAPI emits a proper ``oneOf`` + discriminator in the OpenAPI schema.
+    """
 
     data: list[DataT]
     pagination: OffsetPagination | CursorPagination
+    pagination_type: PaginationType | None = None
     filter_attributes: dict[str, list[Any]] | None = None
+
+    _discriminated_union_cache: ClassVar[dict[Any, Any]] = {}
+
+    def __class_getitem__(  # ty:ignore[invalid-method-override]
+        cls, item: type[Any] | tuple[type[Any], ...]
+    ) -> type[Any]:
+        if cls is PaginatedResponse and not isinstance(item, TypeVar):
+            cached = cls._discriminated_union_cache.get(item)
+            if cached is None:
+                cached = Annotated[
+                    Union[CursorPaginatedResponse[item], OffsetPaginatedResponse[item]],  # ty:ignore[invalid-type-form]
+                    Field(discriminator="pagination_type"),
+                ]
+                cls._discriminated_union_cache[item] = cached
+            return cached  # ty:ignore[invalid-return-type]
+        return super().__class_getitem__(item)
+
+
+class OffsetPaginatedResponse(PaginatedResponse[DataT]):
+    """Paginated response with typed offset-based pagination metadata.
+
+    The ``pagination_type`` field is always ``"offset"`` and acts as a
+    discriminator, allowing frontend clients to narrow the union type returned
+    by a unified ``paginate()`` endpoint.
+    """
+
+    pagination: OffsetPagination
+    pagination_type: Literal[PaginationType.OFFSET] = PaginationType.OFFSET
+
+
+class CursorPaginatedResponse(PaginatedResponse[DataT]):
+    """Paginated response with typed cursor-based pagination metadata.
+
+    The ``pagination_type`` field is always ``"cursor"`` and acts as a
+    discriminator, allowing frontend clients to narrow the union type returned
+    by a unified ``paginate()`` endpoint.
+    """
+
+    pagination: CursorPagination
+    pagination_type: Literal[PaginationType.CURSOR] = PaginationType.CURSOR

src/fastapi_toolsets/types.py

@@ -24,4 +24,4 @@ SearchFieldType = InstrumentedAttribute[Any] | tuple[InstrumentedAttribute[Any],
 FacetFieldType = SearchFieldType
 
 # Dependency type aliases
-SessionDependency = Callable[[], AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]]
+SessionDependency = Callable[[], AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]] | Any

tests/conftest.py

@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ class User(Base):
     username: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(50), unique=True)
     email: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(100), unique=True)
     is_active: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(default=True)
+    notes: Mapped[str | None]
     role_id: Mapped[uuid.UUID | None] = mapped_column(
         ForeignKey("roles.id"), nullable=True
     )
@@ -321,30 +322,3 @@ async def db_session(engine):
         # Drop tables after test
         async with engine.begin() as conn:
             await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.drop_all)
-
-
-@pytest.fixture
-def sample_role_data() -> RoleCreate:
-    """Sample role creation data."""
-    return RoleCreate(name="admin")
-
-
-@pytest.fixture
-def sample_user_data() -> UserCreate:
-    """Sample user creation data."""
-    return UserCreate(
-        username="testuser",
-        email="test@example.com",
-        is_active=True,
-    )
-
-
-@pytest.fixture
-def sample_post_data() -> PostCreate:
-    """Sample post creation data."""
-    return PostCreate(
-        title="Test Post",
-        content="Test content",
-        is_published=True,
-        author_id=uuid.uuid4(),
-    )

tests/test_crud.py

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import pytest
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 from sqlalchemy.orm import selectinload
 
-from fastapi_toolsets.crud import CrudFactory
+from fastapi_toolsets.crud import CrudFactory, PaginationType
-from fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory import AsyncCrud
+from fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory import AsyncCrud, _CursorDirection
 from fastapi_toolsets.exceptions import NotFoundError
 
 from .conftest import (
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ from .conftest import (
     RoleCursorCrud,
     RoleRead,
     RoleUpdate,
+    Tag,
     TagCreate,
     TagCrud,
     User,
@@ -85,6 +86,101 @@ class TestCrudFactory:
         assert crud_with.default_load_options == options
         assert crud_without.default_load_options is None
 
+    def test_base_class_custom_methods_inherited(self):
+        """CrudFactory with base_class inherits custom methods from that base."""
+        from typing import Generic, TypeVar
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+
+        T = TypeVar("T", bound=DeclarativeBase)
+
+        class CustomBase(AsyncCrud[T], Generic[T]):
+            @classmethod
+            def custom_method(cls) -> str:
+                return f"custom:{cls.model.__name__}"
+
+        UserCrudCustom = CrudFactory(User, base_class=CustomBase)
+        PostCrudCustom = CrudFactory(Post, base_class=CustomBase)
+
+        assert issubclass(UserCrudCustom, CustomBase)
+        assert issubclass(PostCrudCustom, CustomBase)
+        assert UserCrudCustom.custom_method() == "custom:User"
+        assert PostCrudCustom.custom_method() == "custom:Post"
+
+    def test_base_class_pk_injected(self):
+        """PK is still injected when using a custom base_class."""
+        from typing import Generic, TypeVar
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+
+        T = TypeVar("T", bound=DeclarativeBase)
+
+        class CustomBase(AsyncCrud[T], Generic[T]):
+            pass
+
+        crud = CrudFactory(User, base_class=CustomBase)
+        assert crud.searchable_fields is not None
+        assert User.id in crud.searchable_fields
+
+
+class TestAsyncCrudSubclass:
+    """Tests for direct AsyncCrud subclassing (alternative to CrudFactory)."""
+
+    def test_subclass_with_model_only(self):
+        """Subclassing with just model auto-injects PK into searchable_fields."""
+
+        class UserCrudDirect(AsyncCrud[User]):
+            model = User
+
+        assert UserCrudDirect.searchable_fields == [User.id]
+
+    def test_subclass_with_explicit_fields_prepends_pk(self):
+        """Subclassing with searchable_fields prepends PK automatically."""
+
+        class UserCrudDirect(AsyncCrud[User]):
+            model = User
+            searchable_fields = [User.username]
+
+        assert UserCrudDirect.searchable_fields == [User.id, User.username]
+
+    def test_subclass_with_pk_already_in_fields(self):
+        """PK is not duplicated when already in searchable_fields."""
+
+        class UserCrudDirect(AsyncCrud[User]):
+            model = User
+            searchable_fields = [User.id, User.username]
+
+        assert UserCrudDirect.searchable_fields == [User.id, User.username]
+
+    def test_subclass_has_default_class_vars(self):
+        """Other ClassVars are None by default on a direct subclass."""
+
+        class UserCrudDirect(AsyncCrud[User]):
+            model = User
+
+        assert UserCrudDirect.facet_fields is None
+        assert UserCrudDirect.default_load_options is None
+        assert UserCrudDirect.cursor_column is None
+
+    def test_subclass_with_load_options(self):
+        """Direct subclass can declare default_load_options."""
+        opts = [selectinload(User.role)]
+
+        class UserCrudDirect(AsyncCrud[User]):
+            model = User
+            default_load_options = opts
+
+        assert UserCrudDirect.default_load_options is opts
+
+    def test_abstract_base_without_model_not_processed(self):
+        """Intermediate abstract class without model is not processed."""
+
+        class AbstractCrud(AsyncCrud[User]):
+            pass
+
+        # Should not raise, and searchable_fields inherits base default (None)
+        assert AbstractCrud.searchable_fields is None
+
 
 class TestResolveLoadOptions:
     """Tests for _resolve_load_options logic."""
@@ -294,6 +390,100 @@ class TestCrudGet:
         assert user.username == "active"
 
 
+class TestCrudGetOrNone:
+    """Tests for CRUD get_or_none operations."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_returns_record_when_found(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """get_or_none returns the record when it exists."""
+        created = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+        fetched = await RoleCrud.get_or_none(db_session, [Role.id == created.id])
+
+        assert fetched is not None
+        assert fetched.id == created.id
+        assert fetched.name == "admin"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_returns_none_when_not_found(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """get_or_none returns None instead of raising NotFoundError."""
+        result = await RoleCrud.get_or_none(db_session, [Role.id == uuid.uuid4()])
+        assert result is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_with_schema_returns_response_when_found(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """get_or_none with schema returns Response[schema] when found."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import Response
+
+        created = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="editor"))
+        result = await RoleCrud.get_or_none(
+            db_session, [Role.id == created.id], schema=RoleRead
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result, Response)
+        assert isinstance(result.data, RoleRead)
+        assert result.data.name == "editor"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_with_schema_returns_none_when_not_found(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """get_or_none with schema returns None (not Response) when not found."""
+        result = await RoleCrud.get_or_none(
+            db_session, [Role.id == uuid.uuid4()], schema=RoleRead
+        )
+        assert result is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_with_load_options(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """get_or_none respects load_options."""
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import selectinload
+
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="member"))
+        user = await UserCrud.create(
+            db_session,
+            UserCreate(username="alice", email="alice@test.com", role_id=role.id),
+        )
+
+        fetched = await UserCrud.get_or_none(
+            db_session,
+            [User.id == user.id],
+            load_options=[selectinload(User.role)],
+        )
+
+        assert fetched is not None
+        assert fetched.role is not None
+        assert fetched.role.name == "member"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_with_join(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """get_or_none respects joins."""
+        user = await UserCrud.create(
+            db_session, UserCreate(username="author", email="author@test.com")
+        )
+        await PostCrud.create(
+            db_session,
+            PostCreate(title="Published", author_id=user.id, is_published=True),
+        )
+
+        fetched = await UserCrud.get_or_none(
+            db_session,
+            [User.id == user.id, Post.is_published == True],  # noqa: E712
+            joins=[(Post, Post.author_id == User.id)],
+        )
+        assert fetched is not None
+        assert fetched.id == user.id
+
+        # Filter that matches no join — returns None
+        missing = await UserCrud.get_or_none(
+            db_session,
+            [User.id == user.id, Post.is_published == False],  # noqa: E712
+            joins=[(Post, Post.author_id == User.id)],
+        )
+        assert missing is None
+
+
 class TestCrudFirst:
     """Tests for CRUD first operations."""
 
@@ -321,6 +511,38 @@ class TestCrudFirst:
         role = await RoleCrud.first(db_session)
         assert role is not None
 
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_first_with_schema(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """First with schema returns a Response wrapping the serialized record."""
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.first(
+            db_session, [Role.name == "admin"], schema=RoleRead
+        )
+
+        assert result is not None
+        assert result.data is not None
+        assert result.data.name == "admin"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_first_with_schema_not_found(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """First with schema returns None when no record matches."""
+        result = await RoleCrud.first(
+            db_session, [Role.name == "ghost"], schema=RoleRead
+        )
+        assert result is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_first_with_for_update(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """First with with_for_update locks the row."""
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+
+        role = await RoleCrud.first(
+            db_session, [Role.name == "admin"], with_for_update=True
+        )
+        assert role is not None
+        assert role.name == "admin"
+
 
 class TestCrudGetMulti:
     """Tests for CRUD get_multi operations."""
@@ -480,6 +702,69 @@ class TestCrudDelete:
         assert result.data is None
         assert await RoleCrud.first(db_session, [Role.id == role.id]) is None
 
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_delete_m2m_cascade(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """Deleting a record with M2M relationships cleans up the association table."""
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        user = await UserCrud.create(
+            db_session, UserCreate(username="author", email="author@test.com")
+        )
+        tag1 = await TagCrud.create(db_session, TagCreate(name="python"))
+        tag2 = await TagCrud.create(db_session, TagCreate(name="fastapi"))
+
+        post = await PostM2MCrud.create(
+            db_session,
+            PostM2MCreate(
+                title="M2M Delete Test",
+                author_id=user.id,
+                tag_ids=[tag1.id, tag2.id],
+            ),
+        )
+
+        await PostM2MCrud.delete(db_session, [Post.id == post.id])
+
+        # Post is gone
+        assert await PostCrud.first(db_session, [Post.id == post.id]) is None
+
+        # Association rows are gone — tags themselves must still exist
+        assert await TagCrud.first(db_session, [Tag.id == tag1.id]) is not None
+        assert await TagCrud.first(db_session, [Tag.id == tag2.id]) is not None
+
+        # No orphaned rows in post_tags
+        result = await db_session.execute(
+            text("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM post_tags WHERE post_id = :pid").bindparams(
+                pid=post.id
+            )
+        )
+        assert result.scalar() == 0
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_delete_m2m_does_not_delete_related_records(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """Deleting a post with M2M tags must not delete the tags themselves."""
+        user = await UserCrud.create(
+            db_session, UserCreate(username="author2", email="author2@test.com")
+        )
+        tag = await TagCrud.create(db_session, TagCreate(name="shared_tag"))
+
+        post1 = await PostM2MCrud.create(
+            db_session,
+            PostM2MCreate(title="Post 1", author_id=user.id, tag_ids=[tag.id]),
+        )
+        post2 = await PostM2MCrud.create(
+            db_session,
+            PostM2MCreate(title="Post 2", author_id=user.id, tag_ids=[tag.id]),
+        )
+
+        # Delete only post1
+        await PostM2MCrud.delete(db_session, [Post.id == post1.id])
+
+        # Tag and post2 still exist
+        assert await TagCrud.first(db_session, [Tag.id == tag.id]) is not None
+        assert await PostCrud.first(db_session, [Post.id == post2.id]) is not None
+
 
 class TestCrudExists:
     """Tests for CRUD exists operations."""
@@ -1474,6 +1759,52 @@ class TestSchemaResponse:
         assert result.data[0].username == "pg_user"
         assert not hasattr(result.data[0], "email")
 
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_include_total_false_skips_count(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """offset_paginate with include_total=False returns total_count=None."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import OffsetPagination
+
+        for i in range(5):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.offset_paginate(
+            db_session, items_per_page=10, include_total=False, schema=RoleRead
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
+        assert result.pagination.total_count is None
+        assert len(result.data) == 5
+        assert result.pagination.has_more is False
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_include_total_false_has_more_true(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """offset_paginate with include_total=False sets has_more via extra-row probe."""
+        for i in range(15):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.offset_paginate(
+            db_session, items_per_page=10, include_total=False, schema=RoleRead
+        )
+
+        assert result.pagination.total_count is None
+        assert result.pagination.has_more is True
+        assert len(result.data) == 10
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_include_total_false_exact_page_boundary(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """offset_paginate with include_total=False: has_more=False when items == page size."""
+        for i in range(10):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.offset_paginate(
+            db_session, items_per_page=10, include_total=False, schema=RoleRead
+        )
+
+        assert result.pagination.has_more is False
+        assert len(result.data) == 10
+
 
 class TestCursorPaginate:
     """Tests for cursor-based pagination via cursor_paginate()."""
@@ -1684,11 +2015,8 @@ class TestCursorPaginatePrevCursor:
         assert page2.pagination.prev_cursor is not None
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
-    async def test_prev_cursor_points_to_first_item(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+    async def test_prev_cursor_navigates_back(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
-        """prev_cursor encodes the value of the first item on the current page."""
+        """prev_cursor on page 2 navigates back to the same items as page 1."""
-        import base64
-        import json
-
         for i in range(10):
             await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
 
@@ -1707,12 +2035,83 @@ class TestCursorPaginatePrevCursor:
         assert isinstance(page2.pagination, CursorPagination)
         assert page2.pagination.prev_cursor is not None
 
-        # Decode prev_cursor and compare to first item's id
+        # Using prev_cursor should return the same items as page 1
-        decoded = json.loads(
+        back_to_page1 = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
-            base64.b64decode(page2.pagination.prev_cursor.encode()).decode()
+            db_session,
+            cursor=page2.pagination.prev_cursor,
+            items_per_page=5,
+            schema=RoleRead,
         )
-        first_item_id = str(page2.data[0].id)
+        assert isinstance(back_to_page1.pagination, CursorPagination)
-        assert decoded == first_item_id
+        assert [r.id for r in back_to_page1.data] == [r.id for r in page1.data]
+        assert back_to_page1.pagination.prev_cursor is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_prev_cursor_empty_result_when_no_items_before(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """Going backward past the first item returns an empty page."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory import _encode_cursor
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        await IntRoleCursorCrud.create(db_session, IntRoleCreate(name="role00"))
+
+        page1 = await IntRoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session, items_per_page=5, schema=IntRoleRead
+        )
+        assert isinstance(page1.pagination, CursorPagination)
+
+        # Manually craft a backward cursor before any existing id
+        before_all = _encode_cursor(0, direction=_CursorDirection.PREV)
+        empty = await IntRoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session, cursor=before_all, items_per_page=5, schema=IntRoleRead
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(empty.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert empty.data == []
+        assert empty.pagination.next_cursor is None
+        assert empty.pagination.prev_cursor is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_prev_cursor_set_when_more_pages_behind(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """Going backward on page 2 (of 3) still exposes a prev_cursor for page 1."""
+        for i in range(9):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        page1 = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session, items_per_page=3, schema=RoleRead
+        )
+        assert isinstance(page1.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        page2 = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            cursor=page1.pagination.next_cursor,
+            items_per_page=3,
+            schema=RoleRead,
+        )
+        assert isinstance(page2.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        page3 = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            cursor=page2.pagination.next_cursor,
+            items_per_page=3,
+            schema=RoleRead,
+        )
+        assert isinstance(page3.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert page3.pagination.prev_cursor is not None
+
+        # Going back to page 2 should still have a prev_cursor pointing at page 1
+        back_to_page2 = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            cursor=page3.pagination.prev_cursor,
+            items_per_page=3,
+            schema=RoleRead,
+        )
+        assert isinstance(back_to_page2.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert [r.id for r in back_to_page2.data] == [r.id for r in page2.data]
+        assert back_to_page2.pagination.prev_cursor is not None
 
 
 class TestCursorPaginateWithSearch:
@@ -2099,3 +2498,89 @@ class TestCursorPaginateColumnTypes:
         page1_ids = {p.id for p in page1.data}
         page2_ids = {p.id for p in page2.data}
         assert page1_ids.isdisjoint(page2_ids)
+
+
+class TestPaginate:
+    """Tests for the unified paginate() method."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_offset_pagination(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """paginate() with OFFSET returns OffsetPaginatedResponse."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import OffsetPagination
+
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="user"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.paginate(
+            db_session,
+            pagination_type=PaginationType.OFFSET,
+            schema=RoleRead,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
+        assert result.pagination_type == PaginationType.OFFSET
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_cursor_pagination(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """paginate() with CURSOR returns CursorPaginatedResponse."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        await RoleCursorCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+
+        result = await RoleCursorCrud.paginate(
+            db_session,
+            pagination_type=PaginationType.CURSOR,
+            schema=RoleRead,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert result.pagination_type == PaginationType.CURSOR
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_invalid_items_per_page_raises(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """paginate() raises ValueError when items_per_page < 1."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="items_per_page"):
+            await RoleCrud.paginate(
+                db_session,
+                pagination_type=PaginationType.OFFSET,
+                items_per_page=0,
+                schema=RoleRead,
+            )
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_invalid_page_raises(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """paginate() raises ValueError when page < 1 for offset pagination."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="page"):
+            await RoleCrud.paginate(
+                db_session,
+                pagination_type=PaginationType.OFFSET,
+                page=0,
+                schema=RoleRead,
+            )
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_unknown_pagination_type_raises(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """paginate() raises ValueError for unknown pagination_type."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown pagination_type"):
+            await RoleCrud.paginate(
+                db_session,
+                pagination_type="unknown",
+                schema=RoleRead,
+            )  # type: ignore[no-matching-overload]  # ty:ignore[no-matching-overload]
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_offset_include_total_false(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """paginate() passes include_total=False through to offset_paginate."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import OffsetPagination
+
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.paginate(
+            db_session,
+            pagination_type=PaginationType.OFFSET,
+            include_total=False,
+            schema=RoleRead,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
+        assert result.pagination.total_count is None

tests/test_crud_search.py

@@ -14,12 +14,14 @@ from fastapi_toolsets.crud import (
     get_searchable_fields,
 )
 from fastapi_toolsets.exceptions import InvalidOrderFieldError
-from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import OffsetPagination
+from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import OffsetPagination, PaginationType
 
 from .conftest import (
     Role,
     RoleCreate,
     RoleCrud,
+    RoleCursorCrud,
+    RoleRead,
     User,
     UserCreate,
     UserCrud,
@@ -211,14 +213,17 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
         assert result.data[0].username == "active_john"
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
-    async def test_search_auto_detect_fields(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+    async def test_search_explicit_fields(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
-        """Auto-detect searchable fields when not specified."""
+        """Search works when search_fields are passed per call."""
         await UserCrud.create(
             db_session, UserCreate(username="findme", email="other@test.com")
         )
 
         result = await UserCrud.offset_paginate(
-            db_session, search="findme", schema=UserRead
+            db_session,
+            search="findme",
+            search_fields=[User.username],
+            schema=UserRead,
         )
 
         assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
@@ -641,7 +646,7 @@ class TestFacetsRelationship:
         result = await UserRelFacetCrud.offset_paginate(db_session, schema=UserRead)
 
         assert result.filter_attributes is not None
-        assert set(result.filter_attributes["name"]) == {"admin", "editor"}
+        assert set(result.filter_attributes["role__name"]) == {"admin", "editor"}
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
     async def test_relationship_facet_none_excluded(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
@@ -656,7 +661,7 @@ class TestFacetsRelationship:
         result = await UserRelFacetCrud.offset_paginate(db_session, schema=UserRead)
 
         assert result.filter_attributes is not None
-        assert result.filter_attributes["name"] == []
+        assert result.filter_attributes["role__name"] == []
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
     async def test_relationship_facet_deduplicates_join_with_search(
@@ -684,7 +689,7 @@ class TestFacetsRelationship:
         )
 
         assert result.filter_attributes is not None
-        assert result.filter_attributes["name"] == ["admin"]
+        assert result.filter_attributes["role__name"] == ["admin"]
 
 
 class TestFilterBy:
@@ -750,7 +755,7 @@ class TestFilterBy:
         )
 
         result = await UserRelFacetCrud.offset_paginate(
-            db_session, filter_by={"name": "admin"}, schema=UserRead
+            db_session, filter_by={"role__name": "admin"}, schema=UserRead
         )
 
         assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
@@ -819,7 +824,7 @@ class TestFilterBy:
 
         result = await UserRoleFacetCrud.offset_paginate(
             db_session,
-            filter_by={"name": "admin", "id": str(admin.id)},
+            filter_by={"role__name": "admin", "role__id": str(admin.id)},
             schema=UserRead,
         )
 
@@ -911,15 +916,15 @@ class TestFilterParamsSchema:
         param_names = set(inspect.signature(dep).parameters)
         assert param_names == {"username", "email"}
 
-    def test_relationship_facet_uses_column_key(self):
+    def test_relationship_facet_uses_full_chain_key(self):
-        """Relationship tuple uses the terminal column's key."""
+        """Relationship tuple uses the full chain joined by __ as the key."""
         import inspect
 
         UserRoleCrud = CrudFactory(User, facet_fields=[(User.role, Role.name)])
         dep = UserRoleCrud.filter_params()
 
         param_names = set(inspect.signature(dep).parameters)
-        assert param_names == {"name"}
+        assert param_names == {"role__name"}
 
     def test_raises_when_no_facet_fields(self):
         """ValueError raised when no facet_fields are configured or provided."""
@@ -973,6 +978,22 @@ class TestFilterParamsSchema:
         keys = facet_keys([(rel_a, col_a), (rel_b, col_b)])
         assert keys == ["project__name", "os__name"]
 
+    def test_deep_chain_joins_all_segments(self):
+        """Three-element tuple produces all relation segments joined by __."""
+        from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+
+        from fastapi_toolsets.crud.search import facet_keys
+
+        rel_a = MagicMock()
+        rel_a.key = "role"
+        rel_b = MagicMock()
+        rel_b.key = "permission"
+        col = MagicMock()
+        col.key = "name"
+
+        keys = facet_keys([(rel_a, rel_b, col)])
+        assert keys == ["role__permission__name"]
+
     def test_unique_column_keys_kept_plain(self):
         """Fields with unique column keys are not prefixed."""
         from fastapi_toolsets.crud.search import facet_keys
@@ -985,7 +1006,7 @@ class TestFilterParamsSchema:
         UserFacetCrud = CrudFactory(User, facet_fields=[User.username])
         dep = UserFacetCrud.filter_params()
 
-        assert dep.__name__ == "UserFilterParams"  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        assert dep.__name__ == "UserFilterParams"  # type: ignore[union-attr]  # ty:ignore[unresolved-attribute]
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
     async def test_integration_with_offset_paginate(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
@@ -1190,3 +1211,245 @@ class TestOrderParamsSchema:
 
         assert results[0].username == "alice"
         assert results[1].username == "charlie"
+
+
+class TestOffsetParamsSchema:
+    """Tests for AsyncCrud.offset_params()."""
+
+    def test_returns_page_and_items_per_page_params(self):
+        """Returned dependency has page and items_per_page params only."""
+        dep = RoleCrud.offset_params()
+        param_names = set(inspect.signature(dep).parameters)
+        assert param_names == {"page", "items_per_page"}
+
+    def test_dependency_name_includes_model_name(self):
+        """Dependency function is named after the model."""
+        dep = RoleCrud.offset_params()
+        assert getattr(dep, "__name__") == "RoleOffsetParams"
+
+    def test_default_page_size_reflected_in_items_per_page_default(self):
+        """default_page_size is used as the default for items_per_page."""
+        dep = RoleCrud.offset_params(default_page_size=42)
+        sig = inspect.signature(dep)
+        assert sig.parameters["items_per_page"].default.default == 42
+
+    def test_max_page_size_reflected_in_items_per_page_le(self):
+        """max_page_size is used as le constraint on items_per_page."""
+        dep = RoleCrud.offset_params(max_page_size=50)
+        sig = inspect.signature(dep)
+        le = next(
+            m.le
+            for m in sig.parameters["items_per_page"].default.metadata
+            if hasattr(m, "le")
+        )
+        assert le == 50
+
+    def test_include_total_not_a_query_param(self):
+        """include_total is not exposed as a query parameter."""
+        dep = RoleCrud.offset_params()
+        param_names = set(inspect.signature(dep).parameters)
+        assert "include_total" not in param_names
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_include_total_true_forwarded_in_result(self):
+        """include_total=True factory arg appears in the resolved dict."""
+        result = await RoleCrud.offset_params(include_total=True)(
+            page=1, items_per_page=10
+        )
+        assert result["include_total"] is True
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_include_total_false_forwarded_in_result(self):
+        """include_total=False factory arg appears in the resolved dict."""
+        result = await RoleCrud.offset_params(include_total=False)(
+            page=1, items_per_page=10
+        )
+        assert result["include_total"] is False
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_awaiting_dep_returns_dict(self):
+        """Awaiting the dependency returns a dict with page, items_per_page, include_total."""
+        dep = RoleCrud.offset_params(include_total=False)
+        result = await dep(page=2, items_per_page=10)
+        assert result == {"page": 2, "items_per_page": 10, "include_total": False}
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_integrates_with_offset_paginate(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """offset_params output can be unpacked directly into offset_paginate."""
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+        dep = RoleCrud.offset_params()
+        params = await dep(page=1, items_per_page=10)
+        result = await RoleCrud.offset_paginate(db_session, **params, schema=RoleRead)
+        assert result.pagination.page == 1
+        assert result.pagination.items_per_page == 10
+
+
+class TestCursorParamsSchema:
+    """Tests for AsyncCrud.cursor_params()."""
+
+    def test_returns_cursor_and_items_per_page_params(self):
+        """Returned dependency has cursor and items_per_page params."""
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.cursor_params()
+        param_names = set(inspect.signature(dep).parameters)
+        assert param_names == {"cursor", "items_per_page"}
+
+    def test_dependency_name_includes_model_name(self):
+        """Dependency function is named after the model."""
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.cursor_params()
+        assert getattr(dep, "__name__") == "RoleCursorParams"
+
+    def test_default_page_size_reflected_in_items_per_page_default(self):
+        """default_page_size is used as the default for items_per_page."""
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.cursor_params(default_page_size=15)
+        sig = inspect.signature(dep)
+        assert sig.parameters["items_per_page"].default.default == 15
+
+    def test_max_page_size_reflected_in_items_per_page_le(self):
+        """max_page_size is used as le constraint on items_per_page."""
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.cursor_params(max_page_size=75)
+        sig = inspect.signature(dep)
+        le = next(
+            m.le
+            for m in sig.parameters["items_per_page"].default.metadata
+            if hasattr(m, "le")
+        )
+        assert le == 75
+
+    def test_cursor_defaults_to_none(self):
+        """cursor defaults to None."""
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.cursor_params()
+        sig = inspect.signature(dep)
+        assert sig.parameters["cursor"].default.default is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_awaiting_dep_returns_dict(self):
+        """Awaiting the dependency returns a dict with cursor and items_per_page."""
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.cursor_params()
+        result = await dep(cursor=None, items_per_page=5)
+        assert result == {"cursor": None, "items_per_page": 5}
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_integrates_with_cursor_paginate(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_params output can be unpacked directly into cursor_paginate."""
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.cursor_params()
+        params = await dep(cursor=None, items_per_page=10)
+        result = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session, **params, schema=RoleRead
+        )
+        assert result.pagination.items_per_page == 10
+
+
+class TestPaginateParamsSchema:
+    """Tests for AsyncCrud.paginate_params()."""
+
+    def test_returns_all_params(self):
+        """Returned dependency has pagination_type, page, cursor, items_per_page (no include_total)."""
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.paginate_params()
+        param_names = set(inspect.signature(dep).parameters)
+        assert param_names == {"pagination_type", "page", "cursor", "items_per_page"}
+
+    def test_dependency_name_includes_model_name(self):
+        """Dependency function is named after the model."""
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.paginate_params()
+        assert getattr(dep, "__name__") == "RolePaginateParams"
+
+    def test_default_pagination_type(self):
+        """default_pagination_type is reflected in pagination_type default."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import PaginationType
+
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.paginate_params(
+            default_pagination_type=PaginationType.CURSOR
+        )
+        sig = inspect.signature(dep)
+        assert (
+            sig.parameters["pagination_type"].default.default == PaginationType.CURSOR
+        )
+
+    def test_default_page_size(self):
+        """default_page_size is reflected in items_per_page default."""
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.paginate_params(default_page_size=15)
+        sig = inspect.signature(dep)
+        assert sig.parameters["items_per_page"].default.default == 15
+
+    def test_max_page_size_le_constraint(self):
+        """max_page_size is used as le constraint on items_per_page."""
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.paginate_params(max_page_size=60)
+        sig = inspect.signature(dep)
+        le = next(
+            m.le
+            for m in sig.parameters["items_per_page"].default.metadata
+            if hasattr(m, "le")
+        )
+        assert le == 60
+
+    def test_include_total_not_a_query_param(self):
+        """include_total is not exposed as a query parameter."""
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.paginate_params()
+        assert "include_total" not in set(inspect.signature(dep).parameters)
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_include_total_forwarded_in_result(self):
+        """include_total factory arg appears in the resolved dict."""
+        result_true = await RoleCursorCrud.paginate_params(include_total=True)(
+            pagination_type=PaginationType.OFFSET,
+            page=1,
+            cursor=None,
+            items_per_page=10,
+        )
+        result_false = await RoleCursorCrud.paginate_params(include_total=False)(
+            pagination_type=PaginationType.OFFSET,
+            page=1,
+            cursor=None,
+            items_per_page=10,
+        )
+        assert result_true["include_total"] is True
+        assert result_false["include_total"] is False
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_awaiting_dep_returns_dict(self):
+        """Awaiting the dependency returns a dict with all pagination keys."""
+        dep = RoleCursorCrud.paginate_params()
+        result = await dep(
+            pagination_type=PaginationType.OFFSET,
+            page=2,
+            cursor=None,
+            items_per_page=10,
+        )
+        assert result == {
+            "pagination_type": PaginationType.OFFSET,
+            "page": 2,
+            "cursor": None,
+            "items_per_page": 10,
+            "include_total": True,
+        }
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_integrates_with_paginate_offset(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """paginate_params output unpacks into paginate() for offset strategy."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import OffsetPagination
+
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+        params = await RoleCursorCrud.paginate_params()(
+            pagination_type=PaginationType.OFFSET,
+            page=1,
+            cursor=None,
+            items_per_page=10,
+        )
+        result = await RoleCursorCrud.paginate(db_session, **params, schema=RoleRead)
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_integrates_with_paginate_cursor(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """paginate_params output unpacks into paginate() for cursor strategy."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+        params = await RoleCursorCrud.paginate_params()(
+            pagination_type=PaginationType.CURSOR,
+            page=1,
+            cursor=None,
+            items_per_page=10,
+        )
+        result = await RoleCursorCrud.paginate(db_session, **params, schema=RoleRead)
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, CursorPagination)

tests/test_db.py

@@ -68,6 +68,55 @@ class TestCreateDbDependency:
                 await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.drop_all)
             await engine.dispose()
 
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_in_transaction_on_yield(self):
+        """Session is already in a transaction when the endpoint body starts."""
+        engine = create_async_engine(DATABASE_URL, echo=False)
+        session_factory = async_sessionmaker(engine, expire_on_commit=False)
+        get_db = create_db_dependency(session_factory)
+
+        async for session in get_db():
+            assert session.in_transaction()
+            break
+
+        await engine.dispose()
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_update_after_lock_tables_is_persisted(self):
+        """Changes made after lock_tables exits (before endpoint returns) are committed.
+
+        Regression: without the auto-begin fix, lock_tables would start and commit a
+        real outer transaction, leaving the session idle. Any modifications after that
+        point were silently dropped.
+        """
+        engine = create_async_engine(DATABASE_URL, echo=False)
+        session_factory = async_sessionmaker(engine, expire_on_commit=False)
+
+        async with engine.begin() as conn:
+            await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)
+
+        try:
+            get_db = create_db_dependency(session_factory)
+
+            async for session in get_db():
+                async with lock_tables(session, [Role]):
+                    role = Role(name="lock_then_update")
+                    session.add(role)
+                    await session.flush()
+                # lock_tables has exited — outer transaction must still be open
+                assert session.in_transaction()
+                role.name = "updated_after_lock"
+
+            async with session_factory() as verify:
+                result = await RoleCrud.first(
+                    verify, [Role.name == "updated_after_lock"]
+                )
+                assert result is not None
+        finally:
+            async with engine.begin() as conn:
+                await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.drop_all)
+            await engine.dispose()
+
 
 class TestCreateDbContext:
     """Tests for create_db_context."""
@@ -363,7 +412,8 @@ class TestCreateDatabase:
             .set(database="test_create_db_general")
             .render_as_string(hide_password=False)
         )
-        expected_db: str = make_url(target_url).database  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        expected_db = make_url(target_url).database
+        assert expected_db is not None
 
         engine = create_async_engine(DATABASE_URL, isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")
         try:

tests/test_dependencies.py

@@ -3,20 +3,42 @@
 import inspect
 import uuid
 from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
-from typing import Any, cast
+from typing import Annotated, Any, cast
 
 import pytest
 from fastapi.params import Depends
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
-from fastapi_toolsets.dependencies import BodyDependency, PathDependency
+from fastapi_toolsets.dependencies import (
+    BodyDependency,
+    PathDependency,
+    _unwrap_session_dep,
+)
 
 from .conftest import Role, RoleCreate, RoleCrud, User
 
 
 async def mock_get_db() -> AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]:
     """Mock session dependency for testing."""
-    yield None
+    yield None  # type: ignore[misc]  # ty:ignore[invalid-yield]
+
+
+MockSessionDep = Annotated[AsyncSession, Depends(mock_get_db)]
+
+
+class TestUnwrapSessionDep:
+    def test_plain_callable_returned_as_is(self):
+        """Plain callable is returned unchanged."""
+        assert _unwrap_session_dep(mock_get_db) is mock_get_db
+
+    def test_annotated_with_depends_unwrapped(self):
+        """Annotated form with Depends is unwrapped to the plain callable."""
+        assert _unwrap_session_dep(MockSessionDep) is mock_get_db
+
+    def test_annotated_without_depends_returned_as_is(self):
+        """Annotated form with no Depends falls back to returning session_dep as-is."""
+        annotated_no_dep = Annotated[AsyncSession, "not_a_depends"]
+        assert _unwrap_session_dep(annotated_no_dep) is annotated_no_dep
 
 
 class TestPathDependency:
@@ -95,6 +117,39 @@ class TestPathDependency:
         assert result.id == role.id
         assert result.name == "test_role"
 
+    def test_annotated_session_dep_returns_depends_instance(self):
+        """PathDependency accepts Annotated[AsyncSession, Depends(...)] form."""
+        dep = PathDependency(Role, Role.id, session_dep=MockSessionDep)
+        assert isinstance(dep, Depends)
+
+    def test_annotated_session_dep_signature(self):
+        """PathDependency with Annotated session_dep produces a valid signature."""
+        dep = cast(Any, PathDependency(Role, Role.id, session_dep=MockSessionDep))
+        sig = inspect.signature(dep.dependency)
+
+        assert "role_id" in sig.parameters
+        assert "session" in sig.parameters
+        assert isinstance(sig.parameters["session"].default, Depends)
+
+    def test_annotated_session_dep_unwraps_callable(self):
+        """PathDependency with Annotated form uses the underlying callable, not the Annotated type."""
+        dep = cast(Any, PathDependency(Role, Role.id, session_dep=MockSessionDep))
+        sig = inspect.signature(dep.dependency)
+
+        inner_dep = sig.parameters["session"].default
+        assert inner_dep.dependency is mock_get_db
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_annotated_session_dep_fetches_object(self, db_session):
+        """PathDependency with Annotated session_dep correctly fetches object from database."""
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="annotated_role"))
+
+        dep = cast(Any, PathDependency(Role, Role.id, session_dep=MockSessionDep))
+        result = await dep.dependency(session=db_session, role_id=role.id)
+
+        assert result.id == role.id
+        assert result.name == "annotated_role"
+
 
 class TestBodyDependency:
     """Tests for BodyDependency factory."""
@@ -184,3 +239,39 @@ class TestBodyDependency:
 
         assert result.id == role.id
         assert result.name == "body_test_role"
+
+    def test_annotated_session_dep_returns_depends_instance(self):
+        """BodyDependency accepts Annotated[AsyncSession, Depends(...)] form."""
+        dep = BodyDependency(
+            Role, Role.id, session_dep=MockSessionDep, body_field="role_id"
+        )
+        assert isinstance(dep, Depends)
+
+    def test_annotated_session_dep_unwraps_callable(self):
+        """BodyDependency with Annotated form uses the underlying callable, not the Annotated type."""
+        dep = cast(
+            Any,
+            BodyDependency(
+                Role, Role.id, session_dep=MockSessionDep, body_field="role_id"
+            ),
+        )
+        sig = inspect.signature(dep.dependency)
+
+        inner_dep = sig.parameters["session"].default
+        assert inner_dep.dependency is mock_get_db
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_annotated_session_dep_fetches_object(self, db_session):
+        """BodyDependency with Annotated session_dep correctly fetches object from database."""
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="body_annotated_role"))
+
+        dep = cast(
+            Any,
+            BodyDependency(
+                Role, Role.id, session_dep=MockSessionDep, body_field="role_id"
+            ),
+        )
+        result = await dep.dependency(session=db_session, role_id=role.id)
+
+        assert result.id == role.id
+        assert result.name == "body_annotated_role"

tests/test_example_pagination_search.py

@@ -10,12 +10,13 @@ import datetime
 import pytest
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from httpx import ASGITransport, AsyncClient
-from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession, async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
 from docs_src.examples.pagination_search.db import get_db
 from docs_src.examples.pagination_search.models import Article, Base, Category
 from docs_src.examples.pagination_search.routes import router
 from fastapi_toolsets.exceptions import init_exceptions_handlers
+from fastapi_toolsets.pytest import create_db_session
 
 from .conftest import DATABASE_URL
 
@@ -35,20 +36,8 @@ def build_app(session: AsyncSession) -> FastAPI:
 @pytest.fixture(scope="function")
 async def ex_db_session():
     """Isolated session for the example models (separate tables from conftest)."""
-    engine = create_async_engine(DATABASE_URL, echo=False)
+    async with create_db_session(DATABASE_URL, Base) as session:
-    async with engine.begin() as conn:
-        await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)
-
-    session_factory = async_sessionmaker(engine, expire_on_commit=False)
-    session = session_factory()
-
-    try:
         yield session
-    finally:
-        await session.close()
-        async with engine.begin() as conn:
-            await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.drop_all)
-        await engine.dispose()
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
@@ -108,7 +97,7 @@ class TestAppSessionDep:
         gen = get_db()
         session = await gen.__anext__()
         assert isinstance(session, AsyncSession)
-        await session.close()
+        await gen.aclose()
 
 
 class TestOffsetPagination:
@@ -193,8 +182,7 @@ class TestOffsetPagination:
         body = resp.json()
         fa = body["filter_attributes"]
         assert set(fa["status"]) == {"draft", "published"}
-        # "name" is unique across all facet fields — no prefix needed
+        assert set(fa["category__name"]) == {"backend", "python"}
-        assert set(fa["name"]) == {"backend", "python"}
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
     async def test_filter_attributes_scoped_to_filter(
@@ -393,3 +381,105 @@ class TestCursorSorting:
         body = resp.json()
         assert body["error_code"] == "SORT-422"
         assert body["status"] == "FAIL"
+
+
+class TestPaginateUnified:
+    """Tests for the unified GET /articles/ endpoint using paginate()."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_defaults_to_offset_pagination(
+        self, client: AsyncClient, ex_db_session
+    ):
+        """Without pagination_type, defaults to offset pagination."""
+        await seed(ex_db_session)
+
+        resp = await client.get("/articles/")
+
+        assert resp.status_code == 200
+        body = resp.json()
+        assert body["pagination_type"] == "offset"
+        assert "total_count" in body["pagination"]
+        assert body["pagination"]["total_count"] == 3
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_explicit_offset_pagination(self, client: AsyncClient, ex_db_session):
+        """pagination_type=offset returns OffsetPagination metadata."""
+        await seed(ex_db_session)
+
+        resp = await client.get(
+            "/articles/?pagination_type=offset&page=1&items_per_page=2"
+        )
+
+        assert resp.status_code == 200
+        body = resp.json()
+        assert body["pagination_type"] == "offset"
+        assert body["pagination"]["total_count"] == 3
+        assert body["pagination"]["page"] == 1
+        assert body["pagination"]["has_more"] is True
+        assert len(body["data"]) == 2
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_cursor_pagination_type(self, client: AsyncClient, ex_db_session):
+        """pagination_type=cursor returns CursorPagination metadata."""
+        await seed(ex_db_session)
+
+        resp = await client.get("/articles/?pagination_type=cursor&items_per_page=2")
+
+        assert resp.status_code == 200
+        body = resp.json()
+        assert body["pagination_type"] == "cursor"
+        assert "next_cursor" in body["pagination"]
+        assert "total_count" not in body["pagination"]
+        assert body["pagination"]["has_more"] is True
+        assert len(body["data"]) == 2
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_cursor_pagination_navigate_pages(
+        self, client: AsyncClient, ex_db_session
+    ):
+        """Cursor from first page can be used to fetch the next page."""
+        await seed(ex_db_session)
+
+        first = await client.get("/articles/?pagination_type=cursor&items_per_page=2")
+        assert first.status_code == 200
+        first_body = first.json()
+        next_cursor = first_body["pagination"]["next_cursor"]
+        assert next_cursor is not None
+
+        second = await client.get(
+            f"/articles/?pagination_type=cursor&items_per_page=2&cursor={next_cursor}"
+        )
+        assert second.status_code == 200
+        second_body = second.json()
+        assert second_body["pagination_type"] == "cursor"
+        assert second_body["pagination"]["has_more"] is False
+        assert len(second_body["data"]) == 1
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_cursor_pagination_with_search(
+        self, client: AsyncClient, ex_db_session
+    ):
+        """paginate() with cursor type respects search parameter."""
+        await seed(ex_db_session)
+
+        resp = await client.get("/articles/?pagination_type=cursor&search=fastapi")
+
+        assert resp.status_code == 200
+        body = resp.json()
+        assert body["pagination_type"] == "cursor"
+        assert len(body["data"]) == 1
+        assert body["data"][0]["title"] == "FastAPI tips"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_offset_pagination_with_filter(
+        self, client: AsyncClient, ex_db_session
+    ):
+        """paginate() with offset type respects filter_by parameter."""
+        await seed(ex_db_session)
+
+        resp = await client.get("/articles/?pagination_type=offset&status=published")
+
+        assert resp.status_code == 200
+        body = resp.json()
+        assert body["pagination_type"] == "offset"
+        assert body["pagination"]["total_count"] == 2

tests/test_fixtures.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """Tests for fastapi_toolsets.fixtures module."""
 
 import uuid
+from enum import Enum
 
 import pytest
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
@@ -13,10 +14,22 @@ from fastapi_toolsets.fixtures import (
     load_fixtures,
     load_fixtures_by_context,
 )
+from fastapi_toolsets.fixtures.utils import _get_primary_key, _instance_to_dict
 
-from fastapi_toolsets.fixtures.utils import _get_primary_key
+from .conftest import IntRole, Permission, Role, RoleCreate, RoleCrud, User, UserCrud
 
-from .conftest import IntRole, Permission, Role, User
+
+class AppContext(str, Enum):
+    """Example user-defined str+Enum context."""
+
+    STAGING = "staging"
+    DEMO = "demo"
+
+
+class PlainEnumContext(Enum):
+    """Example user-defined plain Enum context (no str mixin)."""
+
+    STAGING = "staging"
 
 
 class TestContext:
@@ -39,6 +52,86 @@ class TestContext:
         assert Context.TESTING.value == "testing"
 
 
+class TestCustomEnumContext:
+    """Custom Enum types are accepted wherever Context/str are expected."""
+
+    def test_cannot_subclass_context_with_members(self):
+        """Python prohibits extending an Enum that already has members."""
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+
+            class MyContext(Context):  # noqa: F841  # ty: ignore[subclass-of-final-class]
+                STAGING = "staging"
+
+    def test_custom_enum_values_interchangeable_with_context(self):
+        """A custom enum with the same .value as a built-in Context member is
+        treated as the same context — fixtures registered under one are found
+        by the other."""
+
+        class AppContextFull(str, Enum):
+            BASE = "base"
+            STAGING = "staging"
+
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry.register(contexts=[Context.BASE])
+        def roles():
+            return []
+
+        # AppContextFull.BASE has value "base" — same as Context.BASE
+        fixtures = registry.get_by_context(AppContextFull.BASE)
+        assert len(fixtures) == 1
+
+    def test_custom_enum_registry_default_contexts(self):
+        """FixtureRegistry(contexts=[...]) accepts a custom Enum."""
+        registry = FixtureRegistry(contexts=[AppContext.STAGING])
+
+        @registry.register
+        def data():
+            return []
+
+        fixture = registry.get("data")
+        assert fixture.contexts == ["staging"]
+
+    def test_custom_enum_resolve_context_dependencies(self):
+        """resolve_context_dependencies accepts a custom Enum context."""
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry.register(contexts=[AppContext.STAGING])
+        def staging_roles():
+            return []
+
+        order = registry.resolve_context_dependencies(AppContext.STAGING)
+        assert "staging_roles" in order
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_custom_enum_e2e(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """End-to-end: register with custom Enum, load with the same Enum."""
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry.register(contexts=[AppContext.STAGING])
+        def staging_roles():
+            return [Role(id=uuid.uuid4(), name="staging-admin")]
+
+        result = await load_fixtures_by_context(
+            db_session, registry, AppContext.STAGING
+        )
+        assert len(result["staging_roles"]) == 1
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_plain_enum_e2e(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """End-to-end: register with plain Enum, load with the same Enum."""
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry.register(contexts=[PlainEnumContext.STAGING])
+        def staging_roles():
+            return [Role(id=uuid.uuid4(), name="plain-staging-admin")]
+
+        result = await load_fixtures_by_context(
+            db_session, registry, PlainEnumContext.STAGING
+        )
+        assert len(result["staging_roles"]) == 1
+
+
 class TestLoadStrategy:
     """Tests for LoadStrategy enum."""
 
@@ -407,6 +500,37 @@ class TestDependencyResolution:
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Circular dependency"):
             registry.resolve_dependencies("a")
 
+    def test_resolve_raises_for_unknown_dependency(self):
+        """KeyError when depends_on references an unregistered fixture."""
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry.register(depends_on=["ghost"])
+        def users():
+            return []
+
+        with pytest.raises(KeyError, match="ghost"):
+            registry.resolve_dependencies("users")
+
+    def test_resolve_deduplicates_shared_depends_on_across_variants(self):
+        """A dep shared by two same-name variants appears only once in the order."""
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry.register(contexts=[Context.BASE])
+        def roles():
+            return []
+
+        @registry.register(depends_on=["roles"], contexts=[Context.BASE])
+        def items():
+            return []
+
+        @registry.register(depends_on=["roles"], contexts=[Context.TESTING])
+        def items():  # noqa: F811
+            return []
+
+        order = registry.resolve_dependencies("items")
+        assert order.count("roles") == 1
+        assert order.index("roles") < order.index("items")
+
     def test_resolve_context_dependencies(self):
         """Resolve all fixtures for a context with dependencies."""
         registry = FixtureRegistry()
@@ -447,8 +571,6 @@ class TestLoadFixtures:
         assert "roles" in result
         assert len(result["roles"]) == 2
 
-        from .conftest import RoleCrud
-
         count = await RoleCrud.count(db_session)
         assert count == 2
 
@@ -479,8 +601,6 @@ class TestLoadFixtures:
         assert "roles" in result
         assert "users" in result
 
-        from .conftest import RoleCrud, UserCrud
-
         assert await RoleCrud.count(db_session) == 1
         assert await UserCrud.count(db_session) == 1
 
@@ -497,11 +617,55 @@ class TestLoadFixtures:
         await load_fixtures(db_session, registry, "roles", strategy=LoadStrategy.MERGE)
         await load_fixtures(db_session, registry, "roles", strategy=LoadStrategy.MERGE)
 
-        from .conftest import RoleCrud
-
         count = await RoleCrud.count(db_session)
         assert count == 1
 
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_merge_does_not_overwrite_omitted_nullable_columns(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """MERGE must not clear nullable columns that the fixture didn't set.
+
+        When a fixture omits a nullable column (e.g. role_id or notes), a re-merge
+        must leave the existing DB value untouched — not overwrite it with NULL.
+        """
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+        admin = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+        uid = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        # First load: user has role_id and notes set
+        @registry.register
+        def users():
+            return [
+                User(
+                    id=uid,
+                    username="alice",
+                    email="a@test.com",
+                    role_id=admin.id,
+                    notes="original",
+                )
+            ]
+
+        await load_fixtures(db_session, registry, "users", strategy=LoadStrategy.MERGE)
+
+        # Second load: fixture omits role_id and notes
+        registry2 = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry2.register
+        def users():  # noqa: F811
+            return [User(id=uid, username="alice-updated", email="a@test.com")]
+
+        await load_fixtures(db_session, registry2, "users", strategy=LoadStrategy.MERGE)
+
+        from sqlalchemy import select
+
+        row = (
+            await db_session.execute(select(User).where(User.id == uid))
+        ).scalar_one()
+        assert row.username == "alice-updated"  # updated column changed
+        assert row.role_id == admin.id  # omitted → preserved
+        assert row.notes == "original"  # omitted → preserved
+
     @pytest.mark.anyio
     async def test_load_with_skip_existing_strategy(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
         """Load fixtures with SKIP_EXISTING strategy."""
@@ -526,8 +690,6 @@ class TestLoadFixtures:
             db_session, registry, "roles", strategy=LoadStrategy.SKIP_EXISTING
         )
 
-        from .conftest import RoleCrud
-
         role = await RoleCrud.first(db_session, [Role.id == role_id])
         assert role is not None
         assert role.name == "original"
@@ -553,8 +715,6 @@ class TestLoadFixtures:
         assert "roles" in result
         assert len(result["roles"]) == 2
 
-        from .conftest import RoleCrud
-
         count = await RoleCrud.count(db_session)
         assert count == 2
 
@@ -594,8 +754,6 @@ class TestLoadFixtures:
         assert "roles" in result
         assert "other_roles" in result
 
-        from .conftest import RoleCrud
-
         count = await RoleCrud.count(db_session)
         assert count == 2
 
@@ -660,8 +818,6 @@ class TestLoadFixturesByContext:
 
         await load_fixtures_by_context(db_session, registry, Context.BASE)
 
-        from .conftest import RoleCrud
-
         count = await RoleCrud.count(db_session)
         assert count == 1
 
@@ -688,8 +844,6 @@ class TestLoadFixturesByContext:
             db_session, registry, Context.BASE, Context.TESTING
         )
 
-        from .conftest import RoleCrud
-
         count = await RoleCrud.count(db_session)
         assert count == 2
 
@@ -717,8 +871,6 @@ class TestLoadFixturesByContext:
 
         await load_fixtures_by_context(db_session, registry, Context.TESTING)
 
-        from .conftest import RoleCrud, UserCrud
-
         assert await RoleCrud.count(db_session) == 1
         assert await UserCrud.count(db_session) == 1
 
@@ -813,3 +965,145 @@ class TestGetPrimaryKey:
         instance = Permission(subject="post")  # action is None
         pk = _get_primary_key(instance)
         assert pk is None
+
+
+class TestRegistryGetVariants:
+    """Tests for FixtureRegistry.get and get_variants edge cases."""
+
+    def test_get_raises_value_error_for_multi_variant(self):
+        """get() raises ValueError when the fixture has multiple context variants."""
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry.register(contexts=[Context.BASE])
+        def items():
+            return []
+
+        @registry.register(contexts=[Context.TESTING])
+        def items():  # noqa: F811
+            return []
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="get_variants"):
+            registry.get("items")
+
+    def test_get_variants_raises_key_error_for_unknown(self):
+        """get_variants() raises KeyError for an unregistered name."""
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+        with pytest.raises(KeyError, match="not found"):
+            registry.get_variants("no_such_fixture")
+
+
+class TestInstanceToDict:
+    """Unit tests for the _instance_to_dict helper."""
+
+    def test_explicit_values_included(self):
+        """All explicitly set column values appear in the result."""
+        role_id = uuid.uuid4()
+        instance = Role(id=role_id, name="admin")
+        d = _instance_to_dict(instance)
+        assert d["id"] == role_id
+        assert d["name"] == "admin"
+
+    def test_callable_default_none_excluded(self):
+        """A column whose value is None but has a callable Python-side default
+        (e.g. ``default=uuid.uuid4``) is excluded so the DB generates it."""
+        instance = Role(id=None, name="admin")
+        d = _instance_to_dict(instance)
+        assert "id" not in d
+        assert d["name"] == "admin"
+
+    def test_nullable_none_included(self):
+        """None on a nullable column with no default is kept (explicit NULL)."""
+        instance = User(id=uuid.uuid4(), username="u", email="e@e.com", role_id=None)
+        d = _instance_to_dict(instance)
+        assert "role_id" in d
+        assert d["role_id"] is None
+
+    def test_nullable_str_no_default_omitted_not_in_dict(self):
+        """Mapped[str | None] with no default, not provided in constructor, is absent from dict."""
+        instance = User(id=uuid.uuid4(), username="u", email="e@e.com")
+        d = _instance_to_dict(instance)
+        assert "notes" not in d
+
+    def test_nullable_str_no_default_explicit_none_included(self):
+        """Mapped[str | None] with no default, explicitly set to None, is included as NULL."""
+        instance = User(id=uuid.uuid4(), username="u", email="e@e.com", notes=None)
+        d = _instance_to_dict(instance)
+        assert "notes" in d
+        assert d["notes"] is None
+
+    def test_nullable_str_no_default_with_value_included(self):
+        """Mapped[str | None] with no default and a value set is included normally."""
+        instance = User(id=uuid.uuid4(), username="u", email="e@e.com", notes="hello")
+        d = _instance_to_dict(instance)
+        assert d["notes"] == "hello"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_nullable_str_no_default_insert_roundtrip(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """Fixture loading works for models with Mapped[str | None] (no default).
+
+        Both the omitted-value (→ NULL) and explicit-None paths must insert without error.
+        """
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        uid_a = uuid.uuid4()
+        uid_b = uuid.uuid4()
+        uid_c = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        @registry.register
+        def users():
+            return [
+                User(
+                    id=uid_a, username="no_notes", email="a@test.com"
+                ),  # notes omitted
+                User(
+                    id=uid_b, username="null_notes", email="b@test.com", notes=None
+                ),  # explicit None
+                User(
+                    id=uid_c, username="has_notes", email="c@test.com", notes="hi"
+                ),  # value set
+            ]
+
+        result = await load_fixtures(db_session, registry, "users")
+
+        from sqlalchemy import select
+
+        rows = (
+            (await db_session.execute(select(User).order_by(User.username)))
+            .scalars()
+            .all()
+        )
+        by_username = {r.username: r for r in rows}
+
+        assert by_username["no_notes"].notes is None
+        assert by_username["null_notes"].notes is None
+        assert by_username["has_notes"].notes == "hi"
+        assert len(result["users"]) == 3
+
+
+class TestBatchMergeNonPkColumns:
+    """Batch MERGE on a model with no non-PK columns (PK-only table)."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_merge_pk_only_model(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """MERGE strategy on a PK-only model uses on_conflict_do_nothing."""
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry.register
+        def permissions():
+            return [
+                Permission(subject="post", action="read"),
+                Permission(subject="post", action="write"),
+            ]
+
+        result = await load_fixtures(
+            db_session, registry, "permissions", strategy=LoadStrategy.MERGE
+        )
+        assert len(result["permissions"]) == 2
+
+        # Run again — conflicts are silently ignored.
+        result2 = await load_fixtures(
+            db_session, registry, "permissions", strategy=LoadStrategy.MERGE
+        )
+        assert len(result2["permissions"]) == 2

tests/test_imports.py

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class TestMetricsImportGuard:
             with patch("builtins.__import__", side_effect=blocking_import):
                 mod = importlib.import_module("fastapi_toolsets.metrics")
                 with pytest.raises(ImportError, match="prometheus_client"):
-                    mod.init_metrics(None, None)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                    mod.init_metrics(None, None)  # type: ignore[arg-type]  # ty:ignore[invalid-argument-type]
         finally:
             for key in list(sys.modules):
                 if key.startswith("fastapi_toolsets.metrics"):
@@ -171,8 +171,15 @@ class TestPytestImportGuard:
 class TestCliImportGuard:
     """Tests for CLI module import guard when typer is missing."""
 
-    def test_import_raises_without_typer(self):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-        """Importing cli.app raises when typer is missing."""
+        "expected_match",
+        [
+            "typer",
+            r"pip install fastapi-toolsets\[cli\]",
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_import_raises_without_typer(self, expected_match):
+        """Importing cli.app raises when typer is missing, with an informative error message."""
         saved, blocking_import = _reload_without_package(
             "fastapi_toolsets.cli.app", ["typer"]
         )
@@ -186,33 +193,7 @@ class TestCliImportGuard:
 
         try:
             with patch("builtins.__import__", side_effect=blocking_import):
-                with pytest.raises(ImportError, match="typer"):
+                with pytest.raises(ImportError, match=expected_match):
-                    importlib.import_module("fastapi_toolsets.cli.app")
-        finally:
-            for key in list(sys.modules):
-                if key.startswith("fastapi_toolsets.cli.app") or key.startswith(
-                    "fastapi_toolsets.cli.config"
-                ):
-                    sys.modules.pop(key, None)
-            sys.modules.update(saved)
-
-    def test_error_message_suggests_cli_extra(self):
-        """Error message suggests installing the cli extra."""
-        saved, blocking_import = _reload_without_package(
-            "fastapi_toolsets.cli.app", ["typer"]
-        )
-        config_keys = [
-            k for k in sys.modules if k.startswith("fastapi_toolsets.cli.config")
-        ]
-        for key in config_keys:
-            if key not in saved:
-                saved[key] = sys.modules.pop(key)
-
-        try:
-            with patch("builtins.__import__", side_effect=blocking_import):
-                with pytest.raises(
-                    ImportError, match=r"pip install fastapi-toolsets\[cli\]"
-                ):
                     importlib.import_module("fastapi_toolsets.cli.app")
         finally:
             for key in list(sys.modules):

tests/test_metrics.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for fastapi_toolsets.metrics module."""
 
-import os
 import tempfile
 from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock
 
@@ -287,6 +286,16 @@ class TestIncludeRegistry:
 class TestInitMetrics:
     """Tests for init_metrics function."""
 
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def metrics_client(self):
+        """Create a FastAPI app with MetricsRegistry and return a TestClient."""
+        app = FastAPI()
+        registry = MetricsRegistry()
+        init_metrics(app, registry)
+        client = TestClient(app)
+        yield client
+        client.close()
+
     def test_returns_app(self):
         """Returns the FastAPI app."""
         app = FastAPI()
@@ -294,26 +303,14 @@ class TestInitMetrics:
         result = init_metrics(app, registry)
         assert result is app
 
-    def test_metrics_endpoint_responds(self):
+    def test_metrics_endpoint_responds(self, metrics_client):
         """The /metrics endpoint returns 200."""
-        app = FastAPI()
+        response = metrics_client.get("/metrics")
-        registry = MetricsRegistry()
-        init_metrics(app, registry)
-
-        client = TestClient(app)
-        response = client.get("/metrics")
-
         assert response.status_code == 200
 
-    def test_metrics_endpoint_content_type(self):
+    def test_metrics_endpoint_content_type(self, metrics_client):
         """The /metrics endpoint returns prometheus content type."""
-        app = FastAPI()
+        response = metrics_client.get("/metrics")
-        registry = MetricsRegistry()
-        init_metrics(app, registry)
-
-        client = TestClient(app)
-        response = client.get("/metrics")
-
         assert "text/plain" in response.headers["content-type"]
 
     def test_custom_path(self):
@@ -445,36 +442,33 @@ class TestInitMetrics:
 class TestMultiProcessMode:
     """Tests for multi-process Prometheus mode."""
 
-    def test_multiprocess_with_env_var(self):
+    def test_multiprocess_with_env_var(self, monkeypatch):
         """Multi-process mode works when PROMETHEUS_MULTIPROC_DIR is set."""
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
-            os.environ["PROMETHEUS_MULTIPROC_DIR"] = tmpdir
+            monkeypatch.setenv("PROMETHEUS_MULTIPROC_DIR", tmpdir)
-            try:
+            # Use a separate registry to avoid conflicts with default
-                # Use a separate registry to avoid conflicts with default
+            prom_registry = CollectorRegistry()
-                prom_registry = CollectorRegistry()
+            app = FastAPI()
-                app = FastAPI()
+            registry = MetricsRegistry()
-                registry = MetricsRegistry()
 
-                @registry.register
+            @registry.register
-                def mp_counter():
+            def mp_counter():
-                    return Counter(
+                return Counter(
-                        "mp_test_counter",
+                    "mp_test_counter",
-                        "A multiprocess counter",
+                    "A multiprocess counter",
-                        registry=prom_registry,
+                    registry=prom_registry,
-                    )
+                )
 
-                init_metrics(app, registry)
+            init_metrics(app, registry)
 
-                client = TestClient(app)
+            client = TestClient(app)
-                response = client.get("/metrics")
+            response = client.get("/metrics")
 
-                assert response.status_code == 200
+            assert response.status_code == 200
-            finally:
-                del os.environ["PROMETHEUS_MULTIPROC_DIR"]
 
-    def test_single_process_without_env_var(self):
+    def test_single_process_without_env_var(self, monkeypatch):
         """Single-process mode when PROMETHEUS_MULTIPROC_DIR is not set."""
-        os.environ.pop("PROMETHEUS_MULTIPROC_DIR", None)
+        monkeypatch.delenv("PROMETHEUS_MULTIPROC_DIR", raising=False)
 
         app = FastAPI()
         registry = MetricsRegistry()

tests/test_pytest.py

@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
 from httpx import AsyncClient
 from sqlalchemy import select, text
 from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
-from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession, create_async_engine
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession, async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine
 from sqlalchemy.orm import selectinload
 
+from fastapi_toolsets.db import get_transaction
 from fastapi_toolsets.fixtures import Context, FixtureRegistry
 from fastapi_toolsets.pytest import (
     create_async_client,
@@ -336,6 +337,55 @@ class TestCreateDbSession:
             result = await session.execute(select(Role))
             assert result.all() == []
 
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_get_transaction_commits_visible_to_separate_session(self):
+        """Data written via get_transaction() is committed and visible to other sessions."""
+        role_id = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        async with create_db_session(DATABASE_URL, Base, drop_tables=False) as session:
+            # Simulate what _create_fixture_function does: insert via get_transaction
+            # with no explicit commit afterward.
+            async with get_transaction(session):
+                role = Role(id=role_id, name="visible_to_other_session")
+                session.add(role)
+
+            # The data must have been committed (begin/commit, not a savepoint),
+            # so a separate engine/session can read it.
+            other_engine = create_async_engine(DATABASE_URL, echo=False)
+            try:
+                other_session_maker = async_sessionmaker(
+                    other_engine, expire_on_commit=False
+                )
+                async with other_session_maker() as other:
+                    result = await other.execute(select(Role).where(Role.id == role_id))
+                    fetched = result.scalar_one_or_none()
+                    assert fetched is not None, (
+                        "Fixture data inserted via get_transaction() must be committed "
+                        "and visible to a separate session. If create_db_session uses "
+                        "create_db_context, auto-begin forces get_transaction() into "
+                        "savepoints instead of real commits."
+                    )
+                    assert fetched.name == "visible_to_other_session"
+            finally:
+                await other_engine.dispose()
+
+        # Cleanup
+        async with create_db_session(DATABASE_URL, Base, drop_tables=True) as _:
+            pass
+
+
+class TestDeprecatedCleanupTables:
+    """Tests for the deprecated cleanup_tables re-export in fastapi_toolsets.pytest."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_emits_deprecation_warning(self):
+        """cleanup_tables imported from fastapi_toolsets.pytest emits DeprecationWarning."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.pytest.utils import cleanup_tables
+
+        async with create_db_session(DATABASE_URL, Base, drop_tables=True) as session:
+            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="fastapi_toolsets.db"):
+                await cleanup_tables(session, Base)
+
 
 class TestGetXdistWorker:
     """Tests for _get_xdist_worker helper."""

tests/test_schemas.py

@@ -6,9 +6,12 @@ from pydantic import ValidationError
 from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import (
     ApiError,
     CursorPagination,
+    CursorPaginatedResponse,
     ErrorResponse,
     OffsetPagination,
+    OffsetPaginatedResponse,
     PaginatedResponse,
+    PaginationType,
     Response,
     ResponseStatus,
 )
@@ -198,6 +201,88 @@ class TestOffsetPagination:
         assert data["page"] == 2
         assert data["has_more"] is True
 
+    def test_total_count_can_be_none(self):
+        """total_count accepts None (include_total=False mode)."""
+        pagination = OffsetPagination(
+            total_count=None,
+            items_per_page=20,
+            page=1,
+            has_more=True,
+        )
+        assert pagination.total_count is None
+
+    def test_serialization_with_none_total_count(self):
+        """OffsetPagination serializes total_count=None correctly."""
+        pagination = OffsetPagination(
+            total_count=None,
+            items_per_page=20,
+            page=1,
+            has_more=False,
+        )
+        data = pagination.model_dump()
+        assert data["total_count"] is None
+
+    def test_pages_computed(self):
+        """pages is ceil(total_count / items_per_page)."""
+        pagination = OffsetPagination(
+            total_count=42,
+            items_per_page=10,
+            page=1,
+            has_more=True,
+        )
+        assert pagination.pages == 5
+
+    def test_pages_exact_division(self):
+        """pages is exact when total_count is evenly divisible."""
+        pagination = OffsetPagination(
+            total_count=40,
+            items_per_page=10,
+            page=1,
+            has_more=False,
+        )
+        assert pagination.pages == 4
+
+    def test_pages_zero_total(self):
+        """pages is 0 when total_count is 0."""
+        pagination = OffsetPagination(
+            total_count=0,
+            items_per_page=10,
+            page=1,
+            has_more=False,
+        )
+        assert pagination.pages == 0
+
+    def test_pages_zero_items_per_page(self):
+        """pages is 0 when items_per_page is 0."""
+        pagination = OffsetPagination(
+            total_count=100,
+            items_per_page=0,
+            page=1,
+            has_more=False,
+        )
+        assert pagination.pages == 0
+
+    def test_pages_none_when_total_count_none(self):
+        """pages is None when total_count is None (include_total=False)."""
+        pagination = OffsetPagination(
+            total_count=None,
+            items_per_page=20,
+            page=1,
+            has_more=True,
+        )
+        assert pagination.pages is None
+
+    def test_pages_in_serialization(self):
+        """pages appears in model_dump output."""
+        pagination = OffsetPagination(
+            total_count=25,
+            items_per_page=10,
+            page=1,
+            has_more=True,
+        )
+        data = pagination.model_dump()
+        assert data["pages"] == 3
+
 
 class TestCursorPagination:
     """Tests for CursorPagination schema."""
@@ -301,7 +386,7 @@ class TestPaginatedResponse:
             page=1,
             has_more=False,
         )
-        response = PaginatedResponse[dict](
+        response = PaginatedResponse(
             data=[],
             pagination=pagination,
         )
@@ -310,13 +395,32 @@ class TestPaginatedResponse:
         assert response.data == []
         assert response.pagination.total_count == 0
 
+    def test_class_getitem_with_concrete_type_returns_discriminated_union(self):
+        """PaginatedResponse[T] with a concrete type returns a discriminated Annotated union."""
+        import typing
+
+        alias = PaginatedResponse[dict]
+        args = typing.get_args(alias)
+        # args[0] is the Union, args[1] is the FieldInfo discriminator
+        union_args = typing.get_args(args[0])
+        assert CursorPaginatedResponse[dict] in union_args
+        assert OffsetPaginatedResponse[dict] in union_args
+
+    def test_class_getitem_is_cached(self):
+        """Repeated subscripting with the same type returns the identical cached object."""
+        assert PaginatedResponse[dict] is PaginatedResponse[dict]
+
+    def test_class_getitem_with_typevar_returns_generic(self):
+        """PaginatedResponse[TypeVar] falls through to Pydantic generic parametrisation."""
+        from typing import TypeVar
+
+        T = TypeVar("T")
+        alias = PaginatedResponse[T]
+        # Should be a generic alias, not an Annotated union
+        assert not hasattr(alias, "__metadata__")
+
     def test_generic_type_hint(self):
         """PaginatedResponse supports generic type hints."""
-
-        class UserOut:
-            id: int
-            name: str
-
         pagination = OffsetPagination(
             total_count=1,
             items_per_page=10,
@@ -371,6 +475,191 @@ class TestPaginatedResponse:
         assert isinstance(response.pagination, CursorPagination)
 
 
+class TestPaginationType:
+    """Tests for PaginationType enum."""
+
+    def test_offset_value(self):
+        """OFFSET has string value 'offset'."""
+        assert PaginationType.OFFSET == "offset"
+        assert PaginationType.OFFSET.value == "offset"
+
+    def test_cursor_value(self):
+        """CURSOR has string value 'cursor'."""
+        assert PaginationType.CURSOR == "cursor"
+        assert PaginationType.CURSOR.value == "cursor"
+
+    def test_is_string_enum(self):
+        """PaginationType is a string enum."""
+        assert isinstance(PaginationType.OFFSET, str)
+        assert isinstance(PaginationType.CURSOR, str)
+
+    def test_members(self):
+        """PaginationType has exactly two members."""
+        assert set(PaginationType) == {PaginationType.OFFSET, PaginationType.CURSOR}
+
+
+class TestOffsetPaginatedResponse:
+    """Tests for OffsetPaginatedResponse schema."""
+
+    def test_pagination_type_is_offset(self):
+        """pagination_type is always PaginationType.OFFSET."""
+        response = OffsetPaginatedResponse(
+            data=[],
+            pagination=OffsetPagination(
+                total_count=0, items_per_page=10, page=1, has_more=False
+            ),
+        )
+        assert response.pagination_type is PaginationType.OFFSET
+
+    def test_pagination_type_serializes_to_string(self):
+        """pagination_type serializes to 'offset' in JSON mode."""
+        response = OffsetPaginatedResponse(
+            data=[],
+            pagination=OffsetPagination(
+                total_count=0, items_per_page=10, page=1, has_more=False
+            ),
+        )
+        assert response.model_dump(mode="json")["pagination_type"] == "offset"
+
+    def test_pagination_field_is_typed(self):
+        """pagination field is OffsetPagination, not the union."""
+        response = OffsetPaginatedResponse(
+            data=[{"id": 1}],
+            pagination=OffsetPagination(
+                total_count=10, items_per_page=5, page=2, has_more=True
+            ),
+        )
+        assert isinstance(response.pagination, OffsetPagination)
+        assert response.pagination.total_count == 10
+        assert response.pagination.page == 2
+
+    def test_is_subclass_of_paginated_response(self):
+        """OffsetPaginatedResponse IS a PaginatedResponse."""
+        response = OffsetPaginatedResponse(
+            data=[],
+            pagination=OffsetPagination(
+                total_count=0, items_per_page=10, page=1, has_more=False
+            ),
+        )
+        assert isinstance(response, PaginatedResponse)
+
+    def test_pagination_type_default_cannot_be_overridden_to_cursor(self):
+        """pagination_type rejects values other than OFFSET."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError):
+            OffsetPaginatedResponse(
+                data=[],
+                pagination=OffsetPagination(
+                    total_count=0, items_per_page=10, page=1, has_more=False
+                ),
+                pagination_type=PaginationType.CURSOR,  # type: ignore[arg-type]  # ty:ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+            )
+
+    def test_filter_attributes_defaults_to_none(self):
+        """filter_attributes defaults to None."""
+        response = OffsetPaginatedResponse(
+            data=[],
+            pagination=OffsetPagination(
+                total_count=0, items_per_page=10, page=1, has_more=False
+            ),
+        )
+        assert response.filter_attributes is None
+
+    def test_full_serialization(self):
+        """Full JSON serialization includes all expected fields."""
+        response = OffsetPaginatedResponse(
+            data=[{"id": 1}],
+            pagination=OffsetPagination(
+                total_count=1, items_per_page=10, page=1, has_more=False
+            ),
+            filter_attributes={"status": ["active"]},
+        )
+        data = response.model_dump(mode="json")
+
+        assert data["pagination_type"] == "offset"
+        assert data["status"] == "SUCCESS"
+        assert data["data"] == [{"id": 1}]
+        assert data["pagination"]["total_count"] == 1
+        assert data["filter_attributes"] == {"status": ["active"]}
+
+
+class TestCursorPaginatedResponse:
+    """Tests for CursorPaginatedResponse schema."""
+
+    def test_pagination_type_is_cursor(self):
+        """pagination_type is always PaginationType.CURSOR."""
+        response = CursorPaginatedResponse(
+            data=[],
+            pagination=CursorPagination(
+                next_cursor=None, items_per_page=10, has_more=False
+            ),
+        )
+        assert response.pagination_type is PaginationType.CURSOR
+
+    def test_pagination_type_serializes_to_string(self):
+        """pagination_type serializes to 'cursor' in JSON mode."""
+        response = CursorPaginatedResponse(
+            data=[],
+            pagination=CursorPagination(
+                next_cursor=None, items_per_page=10, has_more=False
+            ),
+        )
+        assert response.model_dump(mode="json")["pagination_type"] == "cursor"
+
+    def test_pagination_field_is_typed(self):
+        """pagination field is CursorPagination, not the union."""
+        response = CursorPaginatedResponse(
+            data=[{"id": 1}],
+            pagination=CursorPagination(
+                next_cursor="abc123",
+                prev_cursor=None,
+                items_per_page=20,
+                has_more=True,
+            ),
+        )
+        assert isinstance(response.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert response.pagination.next_cursor == "abc123"
+        assert response.pagination.has_more is True
+
+    def test_is_subclass_of_paginated_response(self):
+        """CursorPaginatedResponse IS a PaginatedResponse."""
+        response = CursorPaginatedResponse(
+            data=[],
+            pagination=CursorPagination(
+                next_cursor=None, items_per_page=10, has_more=False
+            ),
+        )
+        assert isinstance(response, PaginatedResponse)
+
+    def test_pagination_type_default_cannot_be_overridden_to_offset(self):
+        """pagination_type rejects values other than CURSOR."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError):
+            CursorPaginatedResponse(
+                data=[],
+                pagination=CursorPagination(
+                    next_cursor=None, items_per_page=10, has_more=False
+                ),
+                pagination_type=PaginationType.OFFSET,  # type: ignore[arg-type]  # ty:ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+            )
+
+    def test_full_serialization(self):
+        """Full JSON serialization includes all expected fields."""
+        response = CursorPaginatedResponse(
+            data=[{"id": 1}],
+            pagination=CursorPagination(
+                next_cursor="tok_next",
+                prev_cursor="tok_prev",
+                items_per_page=10,
+                has_more=True,
+            ),
+        )
+        data = response.model_dump(mode="json")
+
+        assert data["pagination_type"] == "cursor"
+        assert data["status"] == "SUCCESS"
+        assert data["pagination"]["next_cursor"] == "tok_next"
+        assert data["pagination"]["prev_cursor"] == "tok_prev"
+
+
 class TestFromAttributes:
     """Tests for from_attributes config (ORM mode)."""
 

uv.lock

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