feat: add NOWAIT/SKIP LOCKED row locking support and extend with_for_update to get_multi and update (#281)

docs/module/crud.md

@@ -141,6 +141,37 @@ Use `first` when you only care about any one match and don't need uniqueness:
 user = await UserCrud.first(session=session, filters=[User.is_active == True])
 ```
 
+## Row locking
+
+`get`, `get_or_none`, `first`, `get_multi`, and `update` all accept a `with_for_update` parameter that appends a `FOR UPDATE` clause to the underlying `SELECT`, preventing concurrent transactions from modifying the matched rows until the current transaction commits.
+
+| Value | SQL clause |
+|---|---|
+| `False` (default) | no locking |
+| `True` | `FOR UPDATE` |
+| `"nowait"` | `FOR UPDATE NOWAIT` |
+| `"skip_locked"` | `FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED` |
+
+```python
+# Lock before reading — typical read-modify-write pattern
+user = await UserCrud.get(session, [User.id == user_id], with_for_update=True)
+
+# Raise immediately if another transaction holds the lock
+user = await UserCrud.get(session, [User.id == user_id], with_for_update="nowait")
+
+# Skip rows already locked by another transaction (e.g. job queues)
+rows = await JobCrud.get_multi(session, filters=[Job.status == "pending"], with_for_update="skip_locked")
+
+# Lock atomically as part of update (prevents race between SELECT and UPDATE)
+user = await UserCrud.update(session, UserUpdate(credits=10), [User.id == user_id], with_for_update=True)
+```
+
+!!! warning
+    `with_for_update` requires an open transaction. Wrap your call in `async with session.begin()` or use the `get_transaction` helper if you are not already inside one.
+
+!!! note
+    `NOWAIT` raises `sqlalchemy.exc.OperationalError` immediately if the row is locked rather than waiting.
+
 ## Pagination
 
 !!! info "Added in `v1.1` (only offset_pagination via `paginate` if `<v1.1`)"

src/fastapi_toolsets/crud/factory.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Sequence
 from datetime import date, datetime
 from decimal import Decimal
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any, ClassVar, Generic, Literal, Self, cast, overload
+from typing import Any, ClassVar, Generic, Literal, Self, TypeAlias, cast, overload
 
 from fastapi import Query
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@@ -52,6 +52,19 @@ from .search import (
 )
 
 
+_ForUpdateMode: TypeAlias = bool | Literal["nowait", "skip_locked"]
+
+
+def _apply_for_update(q: Any, mode: _ForUpdateMode) -> Any:
+    if not mode:
+        return q
+    if mode == "nowait":
+        return q.with_for_update(nowait=True)
+    if mode == "skip_locked":
+        return q.with_for_update(skip_locked=True)
+    return q.with_for_update()
+
+
 class _CursorDirection(str, Enum):
     NEXT = "next"
     PREV = "prev"
@@ -733,7 +746,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         *,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
-        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: _ForUpdateMode = False,
         load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         schema: type[SchemaType],
     ) -> Response[SchemaType]: ...
@@ -747,7 +760,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         *,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
-        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: _ForUpdateMode = False,
         load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         schema: None = ...,
     ) -> ModelType: ...
@@ -760,7 +773,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         *,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
-        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: _ForUpdateMode = False,
         load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         schema: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
     ) -> ModelType | Response[Any]:
@@ -805,7 +818,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         *,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
-        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: _ForUpdateMode = False,
         load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         schema: type[SchemaType],
     ) -> Response[SchemaType] | None: ...
@@ -819,7 +832,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         *,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
-        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: _ForUpdateMode = False,
         load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         schema: None = ...,
     ) -> ModelType | None: ...
@@ -832,7 +845,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         *,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
-        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: _ForUpdateMode = False,
         load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         schema: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
     ) -> ModelType | Response[Any] | None:
@@ -864,8 +877,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         q = q.where(and_(*filters))
         if resolved := cls._resolve_load_options(load_options):
             q = q.options(*resolved)
-        if with_for_update:
-            q = q.with_for_update()
+        q = _apply_for_update(q, with_for_update)
         result = await session.execute(q)
         item = result.unique().scalar_one_or_none()
         if item is None:
@@ -884,7 +896,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         *,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
-        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: _ForUpdateMode = False,
         load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         schema: type[SchemaType],
     ) -> Response[SchemaType] | None: ...
@@ -898,7 +910,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         *,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
-        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: _ForUpdateMode = False,
         load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         schema: None = ...,
     ) -> ModelType | None: ...
@@ -911,7 +923,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         *,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
-        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: _ForUpdateMode = False,
         load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         schema: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
     ) -> ModelType | Response[Any] | None:
@@ -937,8 +949,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             q = q.where(and_(*filters))
         if resolved := cls._resolve_load_options(load_options):
             q = q.options(*resolved)
-        if with_for_update:
-            q = q.with_for_update()
+        q = _apply_for_update(q, with_for_update)
         result = await session.execute(q)
         item = result.unique().scalars().first()
         if item is None:
@@ -956,6 +967,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         filters: list[Any] | None = None,
         joins: JoinType | None = None,
         outer_join: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: _ForUpdateMode = False,
         load_options: Sequence[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         order_by: OrderByClause | None = None,
         limit: int | None = None,
@@ -968,6 +980,9 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             filters: List of SQLAlchemy filter conditions
             joins: List of (model, condition) tuples for joining related tables
             outer_join: Use LEFT OUTER JOIN instead of INNER JOIN
+            with_for_update: Lock rows for update. ``True`` for plain ``FOR UPDATE``,
+                ``"nowait"`` for ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT``, ``"skip_locked"`` for
+                ``FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED``.
             load_options: SQLAlchemy loader options
             order_by: Column or list of columns to order by
             limit: Max number of rows to return
@@ -982,6 +997,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             q = q.where(and_(*filters))
         if resolved := cls._resolve_load_options(load_options):
             q = q.options(*resolved)
+        q = _apply_for_update(q, with_for_update)
         if order_by is not None:
             q = q.order_by(order_by)
         if offset is not None:
@@ -1001,6 +1017,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         *,
         exclude_unset: bool = True,
         exclude_none: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: _ForUpdateMode = False,
         schema: type[SchemaType],
     ) -> Response[SchemaType]: ...
 
@@ -1014,6 +1031,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         *,
         exclude_unset: bool = True,
         exclude_none: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: _ForUpdateMode = False,
         schema: None = ...,
     ) -> ModelType: ...
 
@@ -1026,6 +1044,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         *,
         exclude_unset: bool = True,
         exclude_none: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: _ForUpdateMode = False,
         schema: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
     ) -> ModelType | Response[Any]:
         """Update a record in the database.
@@ -1036,6 +1055,9 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             filters: List of SQLAlchemy filter conditions
             exclude_unset: Exclude fields not explicitly set in the schema
             exclude_none: Exclude fields with None value
+            with_for_update: Lock the row before updating. ``True`` for plain
+                ``FOR UPDATE``, ``"nowait"`` for ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT``,
+                ``"skip_locked"`` for ``FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED``.
             schema: Pydantic schema to serialize the result into. When provided,
                 the result is automatically wrapped in a ``Response[schema]``.
 
@@ -1059,6 +1081,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             db_model = await cls.get(
                 session=session,
                 filters=filters,
+                with_for_update=with_for_update,
                 load_options=m2m_load_options or None,
             )
             values = obj.model_dump(

tests/test_crud.py

@@ -670,6 +670,28 @@ class TestCrudFirst:
         assert role is not None
         assert role.name == "admin"
 
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_first_with_for_update_nowait(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """First with with_for_update='nowait' emits FOR UPDATE NOWAIT."""
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="nowait_first"))
+
+        role = await RoleCrud.first(
+            db_session, [Role.name == "nowait_first"], with_for_update="nowait"
+        )
+        assert role is not None
+        assert role.name == "nowait_first"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_first_with_for_update_skip_locked(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """First with with_for_update='skip_locked' emits FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED."""
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="skip_first"))
+
+        role = await RoleCrud.first(
+            db_session, [Role.name == "skip_first"], with_for_update="skip_locked"
+        )
+        assert role is not None
+        assert role.name == "skip_first"
+
 
 class TestCrudGetMulti:
     """Tests for CRUD get_multi operations."""
@@ -735,6 +757,45 @@ class TestCrudGetMulti:
         names = [r.name for r in roles]
         assert names == ["alpha", "bravo", "charlie"]
 
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_get_multi_with_for_update(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """get_multi() with with_for_update=True locks the rows."""
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="lock1"))
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="lock2"))
+
+        roles = await RoleCrud.get_multi(
+            db_session,
+            filters=[Role.name.in_(["lock1", "lock2"])],
+            with_for_update=True,
+        )
+        assert len(roles) == 2
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_get_multi_with_for_update_nowait(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """get_multi() with with_for_update='nowait' emits FOR UPDATE NOWAIT."""
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="nowait_multi"))
+
+        roles = await RoleCrud.get_multi(
+            db_session,
+            filters=[Role.name == "nowait_multi"],
+            with_for_update="nowait",
+        )
+        assert len(roles) == 1
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_get_multi_with_for_update_skip_locked(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """get_multi() with with_for_update='skip_locked' emits FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED."""
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="skip_multi"))
+
+        roles = await RoleCrud.get_multi(
+            db_session,
+            filters=[Role.name == "skip_multi"],
+            with_for_update="skip_locked",
+        )
+        assert len(roles) == 1
+
 
 class TestCrudUpdate:
     """Tests for CRUD update operations."""
@@ -781,6 +842,48 @@ class TestCrudUpdate:
         assert updated.email == "john@test.com"
         assert updated.is_active is True
 
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_update_with_for_update(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """update() with with_for_update=True locks the row before writing."""
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="before"))
+
+        updated = await RoleCrud.update(
+            db_session,
+            RoleUpdate(name="after"),
+            [Role.id == role.id],
+            with_for_update=True,
+        )
+
+        assert updated.name == "after"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_update_with_for_update_nowait(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """update() with with_for_update='nowait' locks the row with NOWAIT."""
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="before_nowait"))
+
+        updated = await RoleCrud.update(
+            db_session,
+            RoleUpdate(name="after_nowait"),
+            [Role.id == role.id],
+            with_for_update="nowait",
+        )
+
+        assert updated.name == "after_nowait"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_update_with_for_update_skip_locked(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """update() with with_for_update='skip_locked' locks the row with SKIP LOCKED."""
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="before_skip"))
+
+        updated = await RoleCrud.update(
+            db_session,
+            RoleUpdate(name="after_skip"),
+            [Role.id == role.id],
+            with_for_update="skip_locked",
+        )
+
+        assert updated.name == "after_skip"
+
 
 class TestCrudDelete:
     """Tests for CRUD delete operations."""
@@ -2610,7 +2713,7 @@ class TestCursorPaginateSearchJoins:
 
 
 class TestGetWithForUpdate:
-    """Tests for get() with with_for_update=True."""
+    """Tests for get/get_or_none with_for_update variants."""
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
     async def test_get_with_for_update(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
@@ -2626,6 +2729,105 @@ class TestGetWithForUpdate:
         assert result.id == role.id
         assert result.name == "locked"
 
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_get_with_for_update_nowait(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """get() with with_for_update='nowait' emits FOR UPDATE NOWAIT."""
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="nowait"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.get(
+            db_session,
+            filters=[Role.id == role.id],
+            with_for_update="nowait",
+        )
+
+        assert result.id == role.id
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_get_with_for_update_skip_locked(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """get() with with_for_update='skip_locked' emits FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED."""
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="skip"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.get(
+            db_session,
+            filters=[Role.id == role.id],
+            with_for_update="skip_locked",
+        )
+
+        assert result.id == role.id
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_get_or_none_with_for_update(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """get_or_none() with with_for_update=True locks the row."""
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="locked2"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.get_or_none(
+            db_session,
+            [Role.id == role.id],
+            with_for_update=True,
+        )
+
+        assert result is not None
+        assert result.id == role.id
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_get_or_none_with_for_update_nowait(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """get_or_none() with with_for_update='nowait' emits FOR UPDATE NOWAIT."""
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="nowait2"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.get_or_none(
+            db_session,
+            [Role.id == role.id],
+            with_for_update="nowait",
+        )
+
+        assert result is not None
+        assert result.id == role.id
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_get_or_none_with_for_update_skip_locked(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """get_or_none() with with_for_update='skip_locked' emits FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED."""
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="skip2"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.get_or_none(
+            db_session,
+            [Role.id == role.id],
+            with_for_update="skip_locked",
+        )
+
+        assert result is not None
+        assert result.id == role.id
+
+    def test_for_update_sql_clauses(self):
+        """Verify _apply_for_update emits the correct SQL FOR UPDATE clauses."""
+        from sqlalchemy import select
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+
+        from fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory import _apply_for_update
+
+        base = select(Role)
+
+        plain = str(_apply_for_update(base, True).compile(dialect=postgresql.dialect()))
+        assert "FOR UPDATE" in plain
+        assert "NOWAIT" not in plain
+        assert "SKIP LOCKED" not in plain
+
+        nowait = str(
+            _apply_for_update(base, "nowait").compile(dialect=postgresql.dialect())
+        )
+        assert "FOR UPDATE NOWAIT" in nowait
+
+        skip = str(
+            _apply_for_update(base, "skip_locked").compile(dialect=postgresql.dialect())
+        )
+        assert "FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED" in skip
+
+        no_lock = str(
+            _apply_for_update(base, False).compile(dialect=postgresql.dialect())
+        )
+        assert "FOR UPDATE" not in no_lock
+
 
 class TestCursorPaginateColumnTypes:
     """Tests for cursor_paginate() covering DateTime, Date and Numeric column types."""