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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<a href="https://github.com/d3vyce/fastapi-toolsets/raw/master/docs/module/models.md" title="View source of this page" class="md-content__button md-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" class="lucide lucide-file-code-2" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4 12.15V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.706.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-3.35"/><path d="M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M5 16l-3 3 3 3M9 22l3-3-3-3"/></svg>
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<h1 id="models">Models<a class="headerlink" href="#models" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<div class="admonition info">
<p class="admonition-title">Added in <code>v2.0</code></p>
</div>
<p>Reusable SQLAlchemy 2.0 mixins for common column patterns, designed to be composed freely on any <code>DeclarativeBase</code> model.</p>
<h2 id="overview">Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#overview" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The <code>models</code> module provides mixins that each add a single, well-defined column behaviour. They work with standard SQLAlchemy 2.0 declarative syntax and are fully compatible with <code>AsyncSession</code>.</p>
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">fastapi_toolsets.models</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TimestampMixin</span>
</span><span id="__span-0-2"><a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a>
</span><span id="__span-0-3"><a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Article</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TimestampMixin</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-0-4"><a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a> <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;articles&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-0-5"><a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a>
</span><span id="__span-0-6"><a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a> <span class="n">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Mapped</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span><span id="__span-0-7"><a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a> <span class="n">content</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Mapped</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<p>All timestamp columns are timezone-aware (<code>TIMESTAMPTZ</code>). All defaults are server-side (<code>clock_timestamp()</code>), so they are also applied when inserting rows via raw SQL outside the ORM.</p>
<h2 id="mixins">Mixins<a class="headerlink" href="#mixins" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="uuidmixin"><a href="../../reference/models/#fastapi_toolsets.models.UUIDMixin"><code>UUIDMixin</code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#uuidmixin" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Adds a <code>id: UUID</code> primary key generated server-side by PostgreSQL using <code>gen_random_uuid()</code>. The value is retrieved via <code>RETURNING</code> after insert, so it is available on the Python object immediately after <code>flush()</code>.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Requires PostgreSQL 13+</p>
</div>
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-1-1"><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">fastapi_toolsets.models</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-2"><a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a>
</span><span id="__span-1-3"><a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-4"><a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a> <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;users&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-5"><a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a>
</span><span id="__span-1-6"><a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a> <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Mapped</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-7"><a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a>
</span><span id="__span-1-8"><a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8" href="#__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="c1"># id is None before flush</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-9"><a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9" href="#__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="n">user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;alice&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-10"><a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10" href="#__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-11"><a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11" href="#__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flush</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span><span id="__span-1-12"><a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12" href="#__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># UUID(&#39;...&#39;)</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="uuidv7mixin"><a href="../../reference/models/#fastapi_toolsets.models.UUIDv7Mixin"><code>UUIDv7Mixin</code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#uuidv7mixin" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<div class="admonition info">
<p class="admonition-title">Added in <code>v2.3</code></p>
</div>
<p>Adds a <code>id: UUID</code> primary key generated server-side by PostgreSQL using <code>uuidv7()</code>. It's a time-ordered UUID format that encodes a millisecond-precision timestamp in the most significant bits, making it naturally sortable and index-friendly.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Requires PostgreSQL 18+</p>
</div>
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-2-1"><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">fastapi_toolsets.models</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">UUIDv7Mixin</span>
</span><span id="__span-2-2"><a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a>
</span><span id="__span-2-3"><a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UUIDv7Mixin</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-2-4"><a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a> <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;events&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-2-5"><a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a>
</span><span id="__span-2-6"><a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Mapped</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span><span id="__span-2-7"><a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a>
</span><span id="__span-2-8"><a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8" href="#__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="c1"># id is None before flush</span>
</span><span id="__span-2-9"><a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9" href="#__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="n">event</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;user.signup&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-2-10"><a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10" href="#__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-2-11"><a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11" href="#__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flush</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span><span id="__span-2-12"><a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12" href="#__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># UUID(&#39;019...&#39;)</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="createdatmixin"><a href="../../reference/models/#fastapi_toolsets.models.CreatedAtMixin"><code>CreatedAtMixin</code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#createdatmixin" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Adds a <code>created_at: datetime</code> column set to <code>clock_timestamp()</code> on insert. The column has no <code>onupdate</code> hook — it is intentionally immutable after the row is created.</p>
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-3-1"><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">fastapi_toolsets.models</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">CreatedAtMixin</span>
</span><span id="__span-3-2"><a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a>
</span><span id="__span-3-3"><a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Order</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">CreatedAtMixin</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-3-4"><a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a> <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;orders&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-3-5"><a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a>
</span><span id="__span-3-6"><a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a> <span class="n">total</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Mapped</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="updatedatmixin"><a href="../../reference/models/#fastapi_toolsets.models.UpdatedAtMixin"><code>UpdatedAtMixin</code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#updatedatmixin" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Adds an <code>updated_at: datetime</code> column set to <code>clock_timestamp()</code> on insert and automatically updated to <code>clock_timestamp()</code> on every ORM-level update (via SQLAlchemy's <code>onupdate</code> hook).</p>
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-4-1"><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">fastapi_toolsets.models</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UpdatedAtMixin</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-2"><a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a>
</span><span id="__span-4-3"><a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UpdatedAtMixin</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-4"><a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a> <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;posts&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-5"><a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5" href="#__codelineno-4-5"></a>
</span><span id="__span-4-6"><a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6" href="#__codelineno-4-6"></a> <span class="n">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Mapped</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-7"><a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7" href="#__codelineno-4-7"></a>
</span><span id="__span-4-8"><a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8" href="#__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="n">post</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;Hello&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-9"><a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9" href="#__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flush</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-10"><a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10" href="#__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">refresh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-11"><a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11" href="#__codelineno-4-11"></a>
</span><span id="__span-4-12"><a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12" href="#__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Hello World&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-13"><a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13" href="#__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flush</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-14"><a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14" href="#__codelineno-4-14"></a><span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">refresh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-4-15"><a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15" href="#__codelineno-4-15"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">updated_at</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p><code>updated_at</code> is updated by SQLAlchemy at ORM flush time. If you update rows via raw SQL (e.g. <code>UPDATE posts SET ...</code>), the column will <strong>not</strong> be updated automatically — use a database trigger if you need that guarantee.</p>
</div>
<h3 id="timestampmixin"><a href="../../reference/models/#fastapi_toolsets.models.TimestampMixin"><code>TimestampMixin</code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#timestampmixin" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Convenience mixin that combines <a href="../../reference/models/#fastapi_toolsets.models.CreatedAtMixin"><code>CreatedAtMixin</code></a> and <a href="../../reference/models/#fastapi_toolsets.models.UpdatedAtMixin"><code>UpdatedAtMixin</code></a>. Equivalent to inheriting both.</p>
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-5-1"><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">fastapi_toolsets.models</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TimestampMixin</span>
</span><span id="__span-5-2"><a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a>
</span><span id="__span-5-3"><a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Article</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TimestampMixin</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-5-4"><a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a> <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;articles&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-5-5"><a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a>
</span><span id="__span-5-6"><a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a> <span class="n">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Mapped</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="watchedfieldsmixin"><a href="../../reference/models/#fastapi_toolsets.models.WatchedFieldsMixin"><code>WatchedFieldsMixin</code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#watchedfieldsmixin" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<div class="admonition info">
<p class="admonition-title">Added in <code>v2.4</code></p>
</div>
<p><code>WatchedFieldsMixin</code> provides lifecycle callbacks that fire <strong>after commit</strong> — meaning the row is durably persisted when your callback runs. If the transaction rolls back, no callback fires.</p>
<p>Three callbacks are available, each corresponding to a <a href="../../reference/models/#fastapi_toolsets.models.ModelEvent"><code>ModelEvent</code></a> value:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Callback</th>
<th>Event</th>
<th>Trigger</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>on_create()</code></td>
<td><code>ModelEvent.CREATE</code></td>
<td>After <code>INSERT</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>on_delete()</code></td>
<td><code>ModelEvent.DELETE</code></td>
<td>After <code>DELETE</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>on_update(changes)</code></td>
<td><code>ModelEvent.UPDATE</code></td>
<td>After <code>UPDATE</code> on a watched field</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Server-side defaults (e.g. <code>id</code>, <code>created_at</code>) are fully populated in all callbacks. All callbacks support both <code>async def</code> and plain <code>def</code>. Use <code>@watch</code> to restrict which fields trigger <code>on_update</code>:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Decorator</th>
<th><code>on_update</code> behaviour</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>@watch("status", "role")</code></td>
<td>Only fires when <code>status</code> or <code>role</code> changes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>(no decorator)</em></td>
<td>Fires when <strong>any</strong> mapped field changes</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><code>@watch</code> is inherited through the class hierarchy. If a subclass does not declare its own <code>@watch</code>, it uses the filter from the nearest decorated parent. Applying <code>@watch</code> on the subclass overrides the parent's filter:</p>
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-6-1"><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="nd">@watch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-6-2"><a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Order</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">WatchedFieldsMixin</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-6-3"><a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3" href="#__codelineno-6-3"></a> <span class="o">...</span>
</span><span id="__span-6-4"><a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a>
</span><span id="__span-6-5"><a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5" href="#__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">UrgentOrder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Order</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-6-6"><a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6" href="#__codelineno-6-6"></a> <span class="c1"># inherits @watch(&quot;status&quot;) — on_update fires only for status changes</span>
</span><span id="__span-6-7"><a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7" href="#__codelineno-6-7"></a> <span class="o">...</span>
</span><span id="__span-6-8"><a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8" href="#__codelineno-6-8"></a>
</span><span id="__span-6-9"><a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9" href="#__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="nd">@watch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;priority&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-6-10"><a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10" href="#__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">PriorityOrder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Order</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-6-11"><a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11" href="#__codelineno-6-11"></a> <span class="c1"># overrides parent — on_update fires only for priority changes</span>
</span><span id="__span-6-12"><a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12" href="#__codelineno-6-12"></a> <span class="o">...</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<h4 id="option-1-catch-all-with-on_event">Option 1 — catch-all with <code>on_event</code><a class="headerlink" href="#option-1-catch-all-with-on_event" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>Override <code>on_event</code> to handle all event types in one place. The specific methods delegate here by default:</p>
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-7-1"><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">fastapi_toolsets.models</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ModelEvent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">WatchedFieldsMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">watch</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-2"><a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a>
</span><span id="__span-7-3"><a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="nd">@watch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-4"><a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Order</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">WatchedFieldsMixin</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-5"><a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a> <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;orders&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-6"><a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a>
</span><span id="__span-7-7"><a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7" href="#__codelineno-7-7"></a> <span class="n">status</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Mapped</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-8"><a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8" href="#__codelineno-7-8"></a>
</span><span id="__span-7-9"><a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9" href="#__codelineno-7-9"></a> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">on_event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ModelEvent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">changes</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">dict</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-10"><a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10" href="#__codelineno-7-10"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">event</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">ModelEvent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CREATE</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-11"><a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11" href="#__codelineno-7-11"></a> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">notify_new_order</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-12"><a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12" href="#__codelineno-7-12"></a> <span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">event</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">ModelEvent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DELETE</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-13"><a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13" href="#__codelineno-7-13"></a> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">notify_order_cancelled</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-14"><a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14" href="#__codelineno-7-14"></a> <span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">event</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">ModelEvent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">UPDATE</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="__span-7-15"><a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15" href="#__codelineno-7-15"></a> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">notify_status_change</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">changes</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<h4 id="option-2-targeted-overrides">Option 2 — targeted overrides<a class="headerlink" href="#option-2-targeted-overrides" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>Override individual methods for more focused logic:</p>
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-8-1"><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="nd">@watch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-8-2"><a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2" href="#__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Order</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">WatchedFieldsMixin</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-8-3"><a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3" href="#__codelineno-8-3"></a> <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;orders&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-8-4"><a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4" href="#__codelineno-8-4"></a>
</span><span id="__span-8-5"><a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5" href="#__codelineno-8-5"></a> <span class="n">status</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Mapped</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span><span id="__span-8-6"><a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6" href="#__codelineno-8-6"></a>
</span><span id="__span-8-7"><a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7" href="#__codelineno-8-7"></a> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">on_create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="__span-8-8"><a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8" href="#__codelineno-8-8"></a> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">notify_new_order</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-8-9"><a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9" href="#__codelineno-8-9"></a>
</span><span id="__span-8-10"><a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10" href="#__codelineno-8-10"></a> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">on_delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="__span-8-11"><a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11" href="#__codelineno-8-11"></a> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">notify_order_cancelled</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-8-12"><a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12" href="#__codelineno-8-12"></a>
</span><span id="__span-8-13"><a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13" href="#__codelineno-8-13"></a> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">on_update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">changes</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="__span-8-14"><a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14" href="#__codelineno-8-14"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">changes</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="__span-8-15"><a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15" href="#__codelineno-8-15"></a> <span class="n">old</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">changes</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s2">&quot;old&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span><span id="__span-8-16"><a id="__codelineno-8-16" name="__codelineno-8-16" href="#__codelineno-8-16"></a> <span class="n">new</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">changes</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s2">&quot;new&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span><span id="__span-8-17"><a id="__codelineno-8-17" name="__codelineno-8-17" href="#__codelineno-8-17"></a> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">notify_status_change</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">old</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<h4 id="field-changes-format">Field changes format<a class="headerlink" href="#field-changes-format" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>The <code>changes</code> dict maps each watched field that changed to <code>{"old": ..., "new": ...}</code>. Only fields that actually changed are included:</p>
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-9-1"><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="c1"># status changed → {&quot;status&quot;: {&quot;old&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;, &quot;new&quot;: &quot;shipped&quot;}}</span>
</span><span id="__span-9-2"><a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2" href="#__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="c1"># two fields changed → {&quot;status&quot;: {...}, &quot;assigned_to&quot;: {...}}</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<div class="admonition info">
<p class="admonition-title">Multiple flushes in one transaction are merged: the earliest <code>old</code> and latest <code>new</code> are preserved, and <code>on_update</code> fires only once per commit.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Callbacks fire only for ORM-level changes. Rows updated via raw SQL (<code>UPDATE ... SET ...</code>) are not detected.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Callbacks fire when the <strong>outermost active context</strong> (savepoint or transaction) commits.</p>
<p>If you create several related objects using <code>CrudFactory.create</code> and need
callbacks to see all of them (including associations), wrap the whole
operation in a single <a href="../db/"><code>get_transaction</code></a> or <a href="../db/"><code>lock_tables</code></a>
block. Without it, each <code>create</code> call commits its own savepoint and
<code>on_create</code> fires before the remaining objects exist.</p>
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-10-1"><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">fastapi_toolsets.db</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">get_transaction</span>
</span><span id="__span-10-2"><a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2" href="#__codelineno-10-2"></a>
</span><span id="__span-10-3"><a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3" href="#__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">get_transaction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-10-4"><a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4" href="#__codelineno-10-4"></a> <span class="n">order</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">OrderCrud</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">order_data</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-10-5"><a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5" href="#__codelineno-10-5"></a> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">ItemCrud</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">session</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">item_data</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-10-6"><a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6" href="#__codelineno-10-6"></a> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">refresh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">order</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attribute_names</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;items&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>
</span><span id="__span-10-7"><a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7" href="#__codelineno-10-7"></a> <span class="n">order</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-10-8"><a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8" href="#__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="c1"># on_create fires here for both order and item,</span>
</span><span id="__span-10-9"><a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9" href="#__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="c1"># with the full association already committed.</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<h2 id="composing-mixins">Composing mixins<a class="headerlink" href="#composing-mixins" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>All mixins can be combined in any order. The only constraint is that exactly one primary key must be defined — either via <code>UUIDMixin</code> or directly on the model.</p>
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-11-1"><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">fastapi_toolsets.models</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TimestampMixin</span>
</span><span id="__span-11-2"><a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2" href="#__codelineno-11-2"></a>
</span><span id="__span-11-3"><a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3" href="#__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UUIDMixin</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TimestampMixin</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-11-4"><a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4" href="#__codelineno-11-4"></a> <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;events&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-11-5"><a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5" href="#__codelineno-11-5"></a> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Mapped</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span><span id="__span-11-6"><a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6" href="#__codelineno-11-6"></a>
</span><span id="__span-11-7"><a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7" href="#__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Counter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">UpdatedAtMixin</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span id="__span-11-8"><a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8" href="#__codelineno-11-8"></a> <span class="n">__tablename__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;counters&quot;</span>
</span><span id="__span-11-9"><a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9" href="#__codelineno-11-9"></a> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Mapped</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mapped_column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">primary_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">autoincrement</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="__span-11-10"><a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10" href="#__codelineno-11-10"></a> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Mapped</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">]</span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<hr />
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