feat: add cursor based pagination in CrudFactory (#86)

docs/module/crud.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # CRUD
 
-Generic async CRUD operations for SQLAlchemy models with search, pagination, and many-to-many support. This module has features that are only compatible with Postgres. 
+Generic async CRUD operations for SQLAlchemy models with search, pagination, and many-to-many support.
 
 !!! info
     This module has been coded and tested to be compatible with PostgreSQL only.
@@ -48,6 +48,21 @@ exists = await UserCrud.exists(session=session, filters=[User.email == email])
 
 ## Pagination
 
+!!! info "Added in `v1.1` (only offset_pagination via `paginate` if `<v1.1`)"
+
+Two pagination strategies are available. Both return a [`PaginatedResponse`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.PaginatedResponse) but differ in how they navigate through results.
+
+| | `offset_paginate` | `cursor_paginate` |
+|---|---|---|
+| Total count | Yes | No |
+| Jump to arbitrary page | Yes | No |
+| Performance on deep pages | Degrades | Constant |
+| Stable under concurrent inserts | No | Yes |
+| Search compatible | Yes | Yes |
+| Use case | Admin panels, numbered pagination | Feeds, APIs, infinite scroll |
+
+### Offset pagination
+
 ```python
 @router.get(
     "",
@@ -58,14 +73,88 @@ async def get_users(
     items_per_page: int = 50,
     page: int = 1,
 ):
-    return await crud.UserCrud.paginate(
+    return await crud.UserCrud.offset_paginate(
         session=session,
         items_per_page=items_per_page,
         page=page,
     )
 ```
 
-The [`paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.paginate) function will return a [`PaginatedResponse`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.PaginatedResponse).
+The [`offset_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.offset_paginate) method returns a [`PaginatedResponse`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.PaginatedResponse) whose `pagination` field is an [`OffsetPagination`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.OffsetPagination) object:
+
+```json
+{
+  "status": "SUCCESS",
+  "data": ["..."],
+  "pagination": {
+    "total_count": 100,
+    "page": 1,
+    "items_per_page": 20,
+    "has_more": true
+  }
+}
+```
+
+!!! warning "Deprecated: `paginate`"
+    The `paginate` function is a backward-compatible alias for `offset_paginate`. This function is **deprecated** and will be removed in **v2.0**.
+
+### Cursor pagination
+
+```python
+@router.get(
+    "",
+    response_model=PaginatedResponse[UserRead],
+)
+async def list_users(
+    session: SessionDep,
+    cursor: str | None = None,
+    items_per_page: int = 20,
+):
+    return await UserCrud.cursor_paginate(
+        session=session,
+        cursor=cursor,
+        items_per_page=items_per_page,
+    )
+```
+
+The [`cursor_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.cursor_paginate) method returns a [`PaginatedResponse`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.PaginatedResponse) whose `pagination` field is a [`CursorPagination`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.CursorPagination) object:
+
+```json
+{
+  "status": "SUCCESS",
+  "data": ["..."],
+  "pagination": {
+    "next_cursor": "eyJ2YWx1ZSI6ICIzZjQ3YWM2OS0uLi4ifQ==",
+    "prev_cursor": null,
+    "items_per_page": 20,
+    "has_more": true
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Pass `next_cursor` as the `cursor` query parameter on the next request to advance to the next page. `prev_cursor` is set on pages 2+ and points back to the first item of the current page. Both are `null` when there is no adjacent page.
+
+#### Choosing a cursor column
+
+The cursor column is set once on [`CrudFactory`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.CrudFactory) via the `cursor_column` parameter. It must be monotonically ordered for stable results:
+
+- Auto-increment integer PKs
+- UUID v7 PKs
+- Timestamps
+
+!!! warning
+    Random UUID v4 PKs are **not** suitable as cursor columns because their ordering is non-deterministic.
+
+!!! note
+    `cursor_column` is required. Calling [`cursor_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.cursor_paginate) on a CRUD class that has no `cursor_column` configured raises a `ValueError`.
+
+```python
+# Paginate by the primary key
+PostCrud = CrudFactory(model=Post, cursor_column=Post.id)
+
+# Paginate by a timestamp column instead
+PostCrud = CrudFactory(model=Post, cursor_column=Post.created_at)
+```
 
 ## Search
 
@@ -82,7 +171,7 @@ PostCrud = CrudFactory(
 )
 ```
 
-This allow to do a search with the [`paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.paginate) function:
+This allows searching with both [`offset_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.offset_paginate) and [`cursor_paginate`](../reference/crud.md#fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory.AsyncCrud.cursor_paginate):
 
 ```python
 @router.get(
@@ -95,7 +184,7 @@ async def get_users(
     page: int = 1,
     search: str | None = None,
 ):
-    return await crud.UserCrud.paginate(
+    return await crud.UserCrud.offset_paginate(
         session=session,
         items_per_page=items_per_page,
         page=page,
@@ -103,9 +192,28 @@ async def get_users(
     )
 ```
 
+```python
+@router.get(
+    "",
+    response_model=PaginatedResponse[User],
+)
+async def get_users(
+    session: SessionDep,
+    cursor: str | None = None,
+    items_per_page: int = 50,
+    search: str | None = None,
+):
+    return await crud.UserCrud.cursor_paginate(
+        session=session,
+        items_per_page=items_per_page,
+        cursor=cursor,
+        search=search,
+    )
+```
+
 ## Relationship loading
 
-!!! info "Added in v1.1"
+!!! info "Added in `v1.1`"
 
 By default, SQLAlchemy relationships are not loaded unless explicitly requested. Instead of using `lazy="selectin"` on model definitions (which is implicit and applies globally), define a `default_load_options` on the CRUD class to control loading strategy explicitly.
 
@@ -124,7 +232,7 @@ ArticleCrud = CrudFactory(
 )
 ```
 
-`default_load_options` applies automatically to all read operations (`get`, `first`, `get_multi`, `paginate`). When `load_options` is passed at call-site, it **fully replaces** `default_load_options` for that query — giving you precise per-call control:
+`default_load_options` applies automatically to all read operations (`get`, `first`, `get_multi`, `offset_paginate`, `cursor_paginate`). When `load_options` is passed at call-site, it **fully replaces** `default_load_options` for that query — giving you precise per-call control:
 
 ```python
 # Only loads category, tags are not loaded
@@ -164,24 +272,42 @@ await UserCrud.upsert(
 )
 ```
 
-## `as_response`
+## `schema` — typed response serialization
 
-Pass `as_response=True` to any write operation to get a [`Response[ModelType]`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.Response) back directly for API usage:
+!!! info "Added in `v1.1`"
+
+Pass a Pydantic schema class to `create`, `get`, `update`, or `offset_paginate` to serialize the result directly into that schema and wrap it in a [`Response[schema]`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.Response) or [`PaginatedResponse[schema]`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.PaginatedResponse):
 
 ```python
+class UserRead(PydanticBase):
+    id: UUID
+    username: str
+
 @router.get(
     "/{uuid}",
-    response_model=Response[User],
     responses=generate_error_responses(NotFoundError),
 )
-async def get_user(session: SessionDep, uuid: UUID):
+async def get_user(session: SessionDep, uuid: UUID) -> Response[UserRead]:
     return await crud.UserCrud.get(
         session=session,
         filters=[User.id == uuid],
-        as_response=True,
+        schema=UserRead,
+    )
+
+@router.get("")
+async def list_users(session: SessionDep, page: int = 1) -> PaginatedResponse[UserRead]:
+    return await crud.UserCrud.offset_paginate(
+        session=session,
+        page=page,
+        schema=UserRead,
     )
 ```
 
+The schema must have `from_attributes=True` (or inherit from [`PydanticBase`](../reference/schemas.md#fastapi_toolsets.schemas.PydanticBase)) so it can be built from SQLAlchemy model instances.
+
+!!! warning "Deprecated: `as_response`"
+    The `as_response=True` parameter is **deprecated** and will be removed in **v2.0**. Replace it with `schema=YourSchema`.
+
 ---
 
 [:material-api: API Reference](../reference/crud.md)

src/fastapi_toolsets/crud/factory.py

@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import base64
+import json
+import uuid as uuid_module
+import warnings
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
 from typing import Any, ClassVar, Generic, Literal, Self, TypeVar, cast, overload
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel
-from sqlalchemy import and_, func, select
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, Uuid, and_, func, select
 from sqlalchemy import delete as sql_delete
 from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert
 from sqlalchemy.exc import NoResultFound
@@ -17,14 +21,25 @@ from sqlalchemy.sql.roles import WhereHavingRole
 
 from ..db import get_transaction
 from ..exceptions import NotFoundError
-from ..schemas import PaginatedResponse, Pagination, Response
+from ..schemas import CursorPagination, OffsetPagination, PaginatedResponse, Response
 from .search import SearchConfig, SearchFieldType, build_search_filters
 
 ModelType = TypeVar("ModelType", bound=DeclarativeBase)
+SchemaType = TypeVar("SchemaType", bound=BaseModel)
 JoinType = list[tuple[type[DeclarativeBase], Any]]
 M2MFieldType = Mapping[str, QueryableAttribute[Any]]
 
 
+def _encode_cursor(value: Any) -> str:
+    """Encode cursor column value as an base64 string."""
+    return base64.b64encode(json.dumps(str(value)).encode()).decode()
+
+
+def _decode_cursor(cursor: str) -> str:
+    """Decode cursor base64 string."""
+    return json.loads(base64.b64decode(cursor.encode()).decode())
+
+
 class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
     """Generic async CRUD operations for SQLAlchemy models.
 
@@ -35,6 +50,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
     searchable_fields: ClassVar[Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None] = None
     m2m_fields: ClassVar[M2MFieldType | None] = None
     default_load_options: ClassVar[list[ExecutableOption] | None] = None
+    cursor_column: ClassVar[Any | None] = None
 
     @classmethod
     def _resolve_load_options(
@@ -101,6 +117,18 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             return set()
         return set(cls.m2m_fields.keys())
 
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def create(  # pragma: no cover
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        obj: BaseModel,
+        *,
+        schema: type[SchemaType],
+        as_response: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Response[SchemaType]: ...
+
+    # Backward-compatible - will be removed in v2.0
     @overload
     @classmethod
     async def create(  # pragma: no cover
@@ -109,6 +137,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         obj: BaseModel,
         *,
         as_response: Literal[True],
+        schema: None = ...,
     ) -> Response[ModelType]: ...
 
     @overload
@@ -119,6 +148,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         obj: BaseModel,
         *,
         as_response: Literal[False] = ...,
+        schema: None = ...,
     ) -> ModelType: ...
 
     @classmethod
@@ -128,17 +158,28 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         obj: BaseModel,
         *,
         as_response: bool = False,
-    ) -> ModelType | Response[ModelType]:
+        schema: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
+    ) -> ModelType | Response[ModelType] | Response[Any]:
         """Create a new record in the database.
 
         Args:
             session: DB async session
             obj: Pydantic model with data to create
-            as_response: If True, wrap result in Response object
+            as_response: Deprecated. Use ``schema`` instead. Will be removed in v2.0.
+            schema: Pydantic schema to serialize the result into. When provided,
+                the result is automatically wrapped in a ``Response[schema]``.
 
         Returns:
-            Created model instance or Response wrapping it
+            Created model instance, or ``Response[schema]`` when ``schema`` is given,
+            or ``Response[ModelType]`` when ``as_response=True`` (deprecated).
         """
+        if as_response and schema is None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "as_response is deprecated and will be removed in v2.0. "
+                "Use schema=YourSchema instead.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
         async with get_transaction(session):
             m2m_exclude = cls._m2m_schema_fields()
             data = (
@@ -154,10 +195,27 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             session.add(db_model)
         await session.refresh(db_model)
         result = cast(ModelType, db_model)
-        if as_response:
-            return Response(data=result)
+        if as_response or schema:
+            data_out = schema.model_validate(result) if schema else result
+            return Response(data=data_out)
         return result
 
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def get(  # pragma: no cover
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        filters: list[Any],
+        *,
+        joins: JoinType | None = None,
+        outer_join: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: bool = False,
+        load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        schema: type[SchemaType],
+        as_response: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Response[SchemaType]: ...
+
+    # Backward-compatible - will be removed in v2.0
     @overload
     @classmethod
     async def get(  # pragma: no cover
@@ -170,6 +228,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         with_for_update: bool = False,
         load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         as_response: Literal[True],
+        schema: None = ...,
     ) -> Response[ModelType]: ...
 
     @overload
@@ -184,6 +243,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         with_for_update: bool = False,
         load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         as_response: Literal[False] = ...,
+        schema: None = ...,
     ) -> ModelType: ...
 
     @classmethod
@@ -197,7 +257,8 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         with_for_update: bool = False,
         load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
         as_response: bool = False,
-    ) -> ModelType | Response[ModelType]:
+        schema: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
+    ) -> ModelType | Response[ModelType] | Response[Any]:
         """Get exactly one record. Raises NotFoundError if not found.
 
         Args:
@@ -207,15 +268,25 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             outer_join: Use LEFT OUTER JOIN instead of INNER JOIN
             with_for_update: Lock the row for update
             load_options: SQLAlchemy loader options (e.g., selectinload)
-            as_response: If True, wrap result in Response object
+            as_response: Deprecated. Use ``schema`` instead. Will be removed in v2.0.
+            schema: Pydantic schema to serialize the result into. When provided,
+                the result is automatically wrapped in a ``Response[schema]``.
 
         Returns:
-            Model instance or Response wrapping it
+            Model instance, or ``Response[schema]`` when ``schema`` is given,
+            or ``Response[ModelType]`` when ``as_response=True`` (deprecated).
 
         Raises:
             NotFoundError: If no record found
             MultipleResultsFound: If more than one record found
         """
+        if as_response and schema is None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "as_response is deprecated and will be removed in v2.0. "
+                "Use schema=YourSchema instead.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
         q = select(cls.model)
         if joins:
             for model, condition in joins:
@@ -234,8 +305,9 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         if not item:
             raise NotFoundError()
         result = cast(ModelType, item)
-        if as_response:
-            return Response(data=result)
+        if as_response or schema:
+            data_out = schema.model_validate(result) if schema else result
+            return Response(data=data_out)
         return result
 
     @classmethod
@@ -324,6 +396,21 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         result = await session.execute(q)
         return cast(Sequence[ModelType], result.unique().scalars().all())
 
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def update(  # pragma: no cover
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        obj: BaseModel,
+        filters: list[Any],
+        *,
+        exclude_unset: bool = True,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+        schema: type[SchemaType],
+        as_response: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Response[SchemaType]: ...
+
+    # Backward-compatible - will be removed in v2.0
     @overload
     @classmethod
     async def update(  # pragma: no cover
@@ -335,6 +422,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         exclude_unset: bool = True,
         exclude_none: bool = False,
         as_response: Literal[True],
+        schema: None = ...,
     ) -> Response[ModelType]: ...
 
     @overload
@@ -348,6 +436,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         exclude_unset: bool = True,
         exclude_none: bool = False,
         as_response: Literal[False] = ...,
+        schema: None = ...,
     ) -> ModelType: ...
 
     @classmethod
@@ -360,7 +449,8 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         exclude_unset: bool = True,
         exclude_none: bool = False,
         as_response: bool = False,
-    ) -> ModelType | Response[ModelType]:
+        schema: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
+    ) -> ModelType | Response[ModelType] | Response[Any]:
         """Update a record in the database.
 
         Args:
@@ -369,14 +459,24 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             filters: List of SQLAlchemy filter conditions
             exclude_unset: Exclude fields not explicitly set in the schema
             exclude_none: Exclude fields with None value
-            as_response: If True, wrap result in Response object
+            as_response: Deprecated. Use ``schema`` instead. Will be removed in v2.0.
+            schema: Pydantic schema to serialize the result into. When provided,
+                the result is automatically wrapped in a ``Response[schema]``.
 
         Returns:
-            Updated model instance or Response wrapping it
+            Updated model instance, or ``Response[schema]`` when ``schema`` is given,
+            or ``Response[ModelType]`` when ``as_response=True`` (deprecated).
 
         Raises:
             NotFoundError: If no record found
         """
+        if as_response and schema is None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "as_response is deprecated and will be removed in v2.0. "
+                "Use schema=YourSchema instead.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
         async with get_transaction(session):
             m2m_exclude = cls._m2m_schema_fields()
 
@@ -406,8 +506,9 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
                 for rel_attr, related_instances in m2m_resolved.items():
                     setattr(db_model, rel_attr, related_instances)
         await session.refresh(db_model)
-        if as_response:
-            return Response(data=db_model)
+        if as_response or schema:
+            data_out = schema.model_validate(db_model) if schema else db_model
+            return Response(data=data_out)
         return db_model
 
     @classmethod
@@ -489,11 +590,20 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         Args:
             session: DB async session
             filters: List of SQLAlchemy filter conditions
-            as_response: If True, wrap result in Response object
+            as_response: Deprecated. Will be removed in v2.0. When ``True``,
+                returns ``Response[None]`` instead of ``bool``.
 
         Returns:
-            True if deletion was executed, or Response wrapping it
+            ``True`` if deletion was executed, or ``Response[None]`` when
+            ``as_response=True`` (deprecated).
         """
+        if as_response:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "as_response is deprecated and will be removed in v2.0. "
+                "Use schema=YourSchema instead.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
         async with get_transaction(session):
             q = sql_delete(cls.model).where(and_(*filters))
             await session.execute(q)
@@ -566,8 +676,9 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         result = await session.execute(q)
         return bool(result.scalar())
 
+    @overload
     @classmethod
-    async def paginate(
+    async def offset_paginate(  # pragma: no cover
         cls: type[Self],
         session: AsyncSession,
         *,
@@ -580,8 +691,45 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
         items_per_page: int = 20,
         search: str | SearchConfig | None = None,
         search_fields: Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None = None,
-    ) -> PaginatedResponse[ModelType]:
-        """Get paginated results with metadata.
+        schema: type[SchemaType],
+    ) -> PaginatedResponse[SchemaType]: ...
+
+    # Backward-compatible - will be removed in v2.0
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def offset_paginate(  # pragma: no cover
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        *,
+        filters: list[Any] | None = None,
+        joins: JoinType | None = None,
+        outer_join: bool = False,
+        load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        order_by: Any | None = None,
+        page: int = 1,
+        items_per_page: int = 20,
+        search: str | SearchConfig | None = None,
+        search_fields: Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None = None,
+        schema: None = ...,
+    ) -> PaginatedResponse[ModelType]: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def offset_paginate(
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        *,
+        filters: list[Any] | None = None,
+        joins: JoinType | None = None,
+        outer_join: bool = False,
+        load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        order_by: Any | None = None,
+        page: int = 1,
+        items_per_page: int = 20,
+        search: str | SearchConfig | None = None,
+        search_fields: Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None = None,
+        schema: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
+    ) -> PaginatedResponse[ModelType] | PaginatedResponse[Any]:
+        """Get paginated results using offset-based pagination.
 
         Args:
             session: DB async session
@@ -594,9 +742,10 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             items_per_page: Number of items per page
             search: Search query string or SearchConfig object
             search_fields: Fields to search in (overrides class default)
+            schema: Optional Pydantic schema to serialize each item into.
 
         Returns:
-            Dict with 'data' and 'pagination' keys
+            PaginatedResponse with OffsetPagination metadata
         """
         filters = list(filters) if filters else []
         offset = (page - 1) * items_per_page
@@ -637,7 +786,10 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
 
         q = q.offset(offset).limit(items_per_page)
         result = await session.execute(q)
-        items = cast(list[ModelType], result.unique().scalars().all())
+        raw_items = cast(list[ModelType], result.unique().scalars().all())
+        items: list[Any] = (
+            [schema.model_validate(item) for item in raw_items] if schema else raw_items
+        )
 
         # Count query (with same joins and filters)
         pk_col = cls.model.__mapper__.primary_key[0]
@@ -665,7 +817,7 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
 
         return PaginatedResponse(
             data=items,
-            pagination=Pagination(
+            pagination=OffsetPagination(
                 total_count=total_count,
                 items_per_page=items_per_page,
                 page=page,
@@ -673,6 +825,175 @@ class AsyncCrud(Generic[ModelType]):
             ),
         )
 
+    # Backward-compatible - will be removed in v2.0
+    paginate = offset_paginate
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def cursor_paginate(  # pragma: no cover
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        *,
+        cursor: str | None = None,
+        filters: list[Any] | None = None,
+        joins: JoinType | None = None,
+        outer_join: bool = False,
+        load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        order_by: Any | None = None,
+        items_per_page: int = 20,
+        search: str | SearchConfig | None = None,
+        search_fields: Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None = None,
+        schema: type[SchemaType],
+    ) -> PaginatedResponse[SchemaType]: ...
+
+    # Backward-compatible - will be removed in v2.0
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    async def cursor_paginate(  # pragma: no cover
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        *,
+        cursor: str | None = None,
+        filters: list[Any] | None = None,
+        joins: JoinType | None = None,
+        outer_join: bool = False,
+        load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        order_by: Any | None = None,
+        items_per_page: int = 20,
+        search: str | SearchConfig | None = None,
+        search_fields: Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None = None,
+        schema: None = ...,
+    ) -> PaginatedResponse[ModelType]: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def cursor_paginate(
+        cls: type[Self],
+        session: AsyncSession,
+        *,
+        cursor: str | None = None,
+        filters: list[Any] | None = None,
+        joins: JoinType | None = None,
+        outer_join: bool = False,
+        load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+        order_by: Any | None = None,
+        items_per_page: int = 20,
+        search: str | SearchConfig | None = None,
+        search_fields: Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None = None,
+        schema: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
+    ) -> PaginatedResponse[ModelType] | PaginatedResponse[Any]:
+        """Get paginated results using cursor-based pagination.
+
+        Args:
+            session: DB async session.
+            cursor: Cursor string from a previous ``CursorPagination``.
+                Omit (or pass ``None``) to start from the beginning.
+            filters: List of SQLAlchemy filter conditions.
+            joins: List of ``(model, condition)`` tuples for joining related
+                tables.
+            outer_join: Use LEFT OUTER JOIN instead of INNER JOIN.
+            load_options: SQLAlchemy loader options. Falls back to
+                ``default_load_options`` when not provided.
+            order_by: Additional ordering applied after the cursor column.
+            items_per_page: Number of items per page (default 20).
+            search: Search query string or SearchConfig object.
+            search_fields: Fields to search in (overrides class default).
+            schema: Optional Pydantic schema to serialize each item into.
+
+        Returns:
+            PaginatedResponse with CursorPagination metadata
+        """
+        filters = list(filters) if filters else []
+        search_joins: list[Any] = []
+
+        if cls.cursor_column is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{cls.__name__}.cursor_column is not set. "
+                "Pass cursor_column=<column> to CrudFactory() to use cursor_paginate."
+            )
+        cursor_column: Any = cls.cursor_column
+        cursor_col_name: str = cursor_column.key
+
+        if cursor is not None:
+            raw_val = _decode_cursor(cursor)
+            col_type = cursor_column.property.columns[0].type
+            if isinstance(col_type, Integer):
+                cursor_val: Any = int(raw_val)
+            elif isinstance(col_type, Uuid):
+                cursor_val = uuid_module.UUID(raw_val)
+            else:
+                cursor_val = raw_val
+            filters.append(cursor_column > cursor_val)
+
+        # Build search filters
+        if search:
+            search_filters, search_joins = build_search_filters(
+                cls.model,
+                search,
+                search_fields=search_fields,
+                default_fields=cls.searchable_fields,
+            )
+            filters.extend(search_filters)
+
+        # Build query
+        q = select(cls.model)
+
+        # Apply explicit joins
+        if joins:
+            for model, condition in joins:
+                q = (
+                    q.outerjoin(model, condition)
+                    if outer_join
+                    else q.join(model, condition)
+                )
+
+        # Apply search joins (always outer joins)
+        for join_rel in search_joins:
+            q = q.outerjoin(join_rel)
+
+        if filters:
+            q = q.where(and_(*filters))
+        if resolved := cls._resolve_load_options(load_options):
+            q = q.options(*resolved)
+
+        # Cursor column is always the primary sort
+        q = q.order_by(cursor_column)
+        if order_by is not None:
+            q = q.order_by(order_by)
+
+        # Fetch one extra to detect whether a next page exists
+        q = q.limit(items_per_page + 1)
+        result = await session.execute(q)
+        raw_items = cast(list[ModelType], result.unique().scalars().all())
+
+        has_more = len(raw_items) > items_per_page
+        items_page = raw_items[:items_per_page]
+
+        # next_cursor points past the last item on this page
+        next_cursor: str | None = None
+        if has_more and items_page:
+            next_cursor = _encode_cursor(getattr(items_page[-1], cursor_col_name))
+
+        # prev_cursor points to the first item on this page or None when on the first page
+        prev_cursor: str | None = None
+        if cursor is not None and items_page:
+            prev_cursor = _encode_cursor(getattr(items_page[0], cursor_col_name))
+
+        items: list[Any] = (
+            [schema.model_validate(item) for item in items_page]
+            if schema
+            else items_page
+        )
+
+        return PaginatedResponse(
+            data=items,
+            pagination=CursorPagination(
+                next_cursor=next_cursor,
+                prev_cursor=prev_cursor,
+                items_per_page=items_per_page,
+                has_more=has_more,
+            ),
+        )
+
 
 def CrudFactory(
     model: type[ModelType],
@@ -680,6 +1001,7 @@ def CrudFactory(
     searchable_fields: Sequence[SearchFieldType] | None = None,
     m2m_fields: M2MFieldType | None = None,
     default_load_options: list[ExecutableOption] | None = None,
+    cursor_column: Any | None = None,
 ) -> type[AsyncCrud[ModelType]]:
     """Create a CRUD class for a specific model.
 
@@ -694,6 +1016,8 @@ def CrudFactory(
             instead of ``lazy="selectin"`` on the model so that loading
             strategy is explicit and per-CRUD. Overridden entirely (not
             merged) when ``load_options`` is provided at call-site.
+        cursor_column: Required to call ``cursor_paginate``
+            Must be monotonically ordered (e.g. integer PK, UUID v7, timestamp).
 
     Returns:
         AsyncCrud subclass bound to the model
@@ -719,6 +1043,12 @@ def CrudFactory(
             m2m_fields={"tag_ids": Post.tags},
         )
 
+        # With a fixed cursor column for cursor_paginate:
+        PostCrud = CrudFactory(
+            Post,
+            cursor_column=Post.created_at,
+        )
+
         # With default load strategy (replaces lazy="selectin" on the model):
         ArticleCrud = CrudFactory(
             Article,
@@ -740,7 +1070,7 @@ def CrudFactory(
         post = await PostCrud.create(session, PostCreate(title="Hello", tag_ids=[id1, id2]))
 
         # With search
-        result = await UserCrud.paginate(session, search="john")
+        result = await UserCrud.offset_paginate(session, search="john")
 
         # With joins (inner join by default):
         users = await UserCrud.get_multi(
@@ -765,6 +1095,7 @@ def CrudFactory(
             "searchable_fields": searchable_fields,
             "m2m_fields": m2m_fields,
             "default_load_options": default_load_options,
+            "cursor_column": cursor_column,
         },
     )
     return cast(type[AsyncCrud[ModelType]], cls)

src/fastapi_toolsets/schemas.py

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
 
 __all__ = [
     "ApiError",
+    "CursorPagination",
     "ErrorResponse",
+    "OffsetPagination",
     "Pagination",
     "PaginatedResponse",
     "PydanticBase",
@@ -90,8 +92,8 @@ class ErrorResponse(BaseResponse):
     data: Any | None = None
 
 
-class Pagination(PydanticBase):
-    """Pagination metadata for list responses.
+class OffsetPagination(PydanticBase):
+    """Pagination metadata for offset-based list responses.
 
     Attributes:
         total_count: Total number of items across all pages
@@ -106,17 +108,28 @@ class Pagination(PydanticBase):
     has_more: bool
 
 
-class PaginatedResponse(BaseResponse, Generic[DataT]):
-    """Paginated API response for list endpoints.
+# Backward-compatible - will be removed in v2.0
+Pagination = OffsetPagination
 
-    Example:
-        ```python
-        PaginatedResponse[UserRead](
-            data=users,
-            pagination=Pagination(total_count=100, items_per_page=10, page=1, has_more=True)
-        )
-        ```
+
+class CursorPagination(PydanticBase):
+    """Pagination metadata for cursor-based list responses.
+
+    Attributes:
+        next_cursor: Encoded cursor for the next page, or None on the last page.
+        prev_cursor: Encoded cursor for the previous page, or None on the first page.
+        items_per_page: Number of items requested per page.
+        has_more: Whether there is at least one more page after this one.
     """
 
+    next_cursor: str | None
+    prev_cursor: str | None = None
+    items_per_page: int
+    has_more: bool
+
+
+class PaginatedResponse(BaseResponse, Generic[DataT]):
+    """Paginated API response for list endpoints."""
+
     data: list[DataT]
-    pagination: Pagination
+    pagination: OffsetPagination | CursorPagination

tests/conftest.py

@@ -5,11 +5,12 @@ import uuid
 
 import pytest
 from pydantic import BaseModel
-from sqlalchemy import Column, ForeignKey, String, Table, Uuid
+from sqlalchemy import Column, ForeignKey, Integer, String, Table, Uuid
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine
 from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column, relationship
 
 from fastapi_toolsets.crud import CrudFactory
+from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import PydanticBase
 
 DATABASE_URL = os.getenv(
     key="DATABASE_URL",
@@ -69,6 +70,15 @@ post_tags = Table(
 )
 
 
+class IntRole(Base):
+    """Test role model with auto-increment integer PK."""
+
+    __tablename__ = "int_roles"
+
+    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
+    name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(50), unique=True)
+
+
 class Post(Base):
     """Test post model."""
 
@@ -90,6 +100,13 @@ class RoleCreate(BaseModel):
     name: str
 
 
+class RoleRead(PydanticBase):
+    """Schema for reading a role."""
+
+    id: uuid.UUID
+    name: str
+
+
 class RoleUpdate(BaseModel):
     """Schema for updating a role."""
 
@@ -106,6 +123,13 @@ class UserCreate(BaseModel):
     role_id: uuid.UUID | None = None
 
 
+class UserRead(PydanticBase):
+    """Schema for reading a user (subset of fields — no email)."""
+
+    id: uuid.UUID
+    username: str
+
+
 class UserUpdate(BaseModel):
     """Schema for updating a user."""
 
@@ -160,8 +184,17 @@ class PostM2MUpdate(BaseModel):
     tag_ids: list[uuid.UUID] | None = None
 
 
+class IntRoleCreate(BaseModel):
+    """Schema for creating an IntRole."""
+
+    name: str
+
+
 RoleCrud = CrudFactory(Role)
+RoleCursorCrud = CrudFactory(Role, cursor_column=Role.id)
+IntRoleCursorCrud = CrudFactory(IntRole, cursor_column=IntRole.id)
 UserCrud = CrudFactory(User)
+UserCursorCrud = CrudFactory(User, cursor_column=User.id)
 PostCrud = CrudFactory(Post)
 TagCrud = CrudFactory(Tag)
 PostM2MCrud = CrudFactory(Post, m2m_fields={"tag_ids": Post.tags})

tests/test_crud.py

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ from fastapi_toolsets.crud.factory import AsyncCrud
 from fastapi_toolsets.exceptions import NotFoundError
 
 from .conftest import (
+    IntRoleCreate,
+    IntRoleCursorCrud,
     Post,
     PostCreate,
     PostCrud,
@@ -20,12 +22,16 @@ from .conftest import (
     Role,
     RoleCreate,
     RoleCrud,
+    RoleCursorCrud,
+    RoleRead,
     RoleUpdate,
     TagCreate,
     TagCrud,
     User,
     UserCreate,
     UserCrud,
+    UserCursorCrud,
+    UserRead,
     UserUpdate,
 )
 
@@ -579,8 +585,11 @@ class TestCrudPaginate:
         for i in range(25):
             await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
 
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import OffsetPagination
+
         result = await RoleCrud.paginate(db_session, page=1, items_per_page=10)
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert len(result.data) == 10
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 25
         assert result.pagination.page == 1
@@ -611,6 +620,8 @@ class TestCrudPaginate:
                 ),
             )
 
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import OffsetPagination
+
         result = await UserCrud.paginate(
             db_session,
             filters=[User.is_active == True],  # noqa: E712
@@ -618,6 +629,7 @@ class TestCrudPaginate:
             items_per_page=10,
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 5
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
@@ -833,6 +845,8 @@ class TestCrudJoins:
                 ),
             )
 
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import OffsetPagination
+
         # Paginate users with published posts
         result = await UserCrud.paginate(
             db_session,
@@ -842,6 +856,7 @@ class TestCrudJoins:
             items_per_page=10,
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 3
         assert len(result.data) == 3
 
@@ -864,6 +879,8 @@ class TestCrudJoins:
             UserCreate(username="without_post", email="without@test.com"),
         )
 
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import OffsetPagination
+
         # Paginate with outer join
         result = await UserCrud.paginate(
             db_session,
@@ -873,6 +890,7 @@ class TestCrudJoins:
             items_per_page=10,
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 2
         assert len(result.data) == 2
 
@@ -907,14 +925,15 @@ class TestCrudJoins:
 
 
 class TestAsResponse:
-    """Tests for as_response parameter."""
+    """Tests for as_response parameter (deprecated, kept for backward compat)."""
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
     async def test_create_as_response(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
-        """Create with as_response=True returns Response."""
+        """Create with as_response=True returns Response and emits DeprecationWarning."""
         from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import Response
 
         data = RoleCreate(name="response_role")
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="as_response is deprecated"):
             result = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, data, as_response=True)
 
         assert isinstance(result, Response)
@@ -923,10 +942,11 @@ class TestAsResponse:
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
     async def test_get_as_response(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
-        """Get with as_response=True returns Response."""
+        """Get with as_response=True returns Response and emits DeprecationWarning."""
         from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import Response
 
         created = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="get_response"))
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="as_response is deprecated"):
             result = await RoleCrud.get(
                 db_session, [Role.id == created.id], as_response=True
             )
@@ -937,10 +957,11 @@ class TestAsResponse:
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
     async def test_update_as_response(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
-        """Update with as_response=True returns Response."""
+        """Update with as_response=True returns Response and emits DeprecationWarning."""
         from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import Response
 
         created = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="old_name"))
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="as_response is deprecated"):
             result = await RoleCrud.update(
                 db_session,
                 RoleUpdate(name="new_name"),
@@ -954,10 +975,11 @@ class TestAsResponse:
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
     async def test_delete_as_response(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
-        """Delete with as_response=True returns Response."""
+        """Delete with as_response=True returns Response and emits DeprecationWarning."""
         from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import Response
 
         created = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="to_delete"))
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="as_response is deprecated"):
             result = await RoleCrud.delete(
                 db_session, [Role.id == created.id], as_response=True
             )
@@ -1344,3 +1366,656 @@ class TestM2MWithNonM2MCrud:
             [Post.id == post.id],
         )
         assert updated.title == "Updated Plain"
+
+
+class TestSchemaResponse:
+    """Tests for the schema parameter on as_response methods."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_create_with_schema(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """create with schema returns Response[SchemaType]."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import Response
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.create(
+            db_session, RoleCreate(name="schema_role"), schema=RoleRead
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result, Response)
+        assert isinstance(result.data, RoleRead)
+        assert result.data.name == "schema_role"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_create_schema_implies_as_response(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """create with schema alone wraps in Response without as_response=True."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import Response
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.create(
+            db_session, RoleCreate(name="implicit"), schema=RoleRead
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result, Response)
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_create_schema_filters_fields(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """create with schema only exposes schema fields, not all model fields."""
+        result = await UserCrud.create(
+            db_session,
+            UserCreate(username="filtered", email="filtered@test.com"),
+            schema=UserRead,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result.data, UserRead)
+        assert result.data.username == "filtered"
+        assert not hasattr(result.data, "email")
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_get_with_schema(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """get with schema returns Response[SchemaType]."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import Response
+
+        created = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="get_schema"))
+        result = await RoleCrud.get(
+            db_session, [Role.id == created.id], schema=RoleRead
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result, Response)
+        assert isinstance(result.data, RoleRead)
+        assert result.data.id == created.id
+        assert result.data.name == "get_schema"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_get_schema_implies_as_response(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """get with schema alone wraps in Response without as_response=True."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import Response
+
+        created = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="implicit_get"))
+        result = await RoleCrud.get(
+            db_session, [Role.id == created.id], schema=RoleRead
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result, Response)
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_update_with_schema(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """update with schema returns Response[SchemaType]."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import Response
+
+        created = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="before"))
+        result = await RoleCrud.update(
+            db_session,
+            RoleUpdate(name="after"),
+            [Role.id == created.id],
+            schema=RoleRead,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result, Response)
+        assert isinstance(result.data, RoleRead)
+        assert result.data.name == "after"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_update_schema_implies_as_response(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """update with schema alone wraps in Response without as_response=True."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import Response
+
+        created = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="before2"))
+        result = await RoleCrud.update(
+            db_session,
+            RoleUpdate(name="after2"),
+            [Role.id == created.id],
+            schema=RoleRead,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result, Response)
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_paginate_with_schema(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """paginate with schema returns PaginatedResponse[SchemaType]."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import PaginatedResponse
+
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="p_role1"))
+        await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="p_role2"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.paginate(db_session, schema=RoleRead)
+
+        assert isinstance(result, PaginatedResponse)
+        assert len(result.data) == 2
+        assert all(isinstance(item, RoleRead) for item in result.data)
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_paginate_schema_filters_fields(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """paginate with schema only exposes schema fields per item."""
+        await UserCrud.create(
+            db_session,
+            UserCreate(username="pg_user", email="pg@test.com"),
+        )
+
+        result = await UserCrud.paginate(db_session, schema=UserRead)
+
+        assert isinstance(result.data[0], UserRead)
+        assert result.data[0].username == "pg_user"
+        assert not hasattr(result.data[0], "email")
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_as_response_true_without_schema_unchanged(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """as_response=True without schema still returns Response[ModelType] with a warning."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import Response
+
+        created = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="compat"))
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="as_response is deprecated"):
+            result = await RoleCrud.get(
+                db_session, [Role.id == created.id], as_response=True
+            )
+
+        assert isinstance(result, Response)
+        assert isinstance(result.data, Role)
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_schema_with_explicit_as_response_true(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """schema combined with explicit as_response=True works correctly."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import Response
+
+        created = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="combined"))
+        result = await RoleCrud.get(
+            db_session,
+            [Role.id == created.id],
+            as_response=True,
+            schema=RoleRead,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result, Response)
+        assert isinstance(result.data, RoleRead)
+
+
+class TestPaginateAlias:
+    """Tests that paginate is a backward-compatible alias for offset_paginate."""
+
+    def test_paginate_is_alias_of_offset_paginate(self):
+        """paginate and offset_paginate are the same underlying function."""
+        assert RoleCrud.paginate.__func__ is RoleCrud.offset_paginate.__func__
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_paginate_alias_returns_offset_pagination(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """paginate() still works and returns PaginatedResponse with OffsetPagination."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import OffsetPagination, PaginatedResponse
+
+        for i in range(3):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.paginate(db_session, page=1, items_per_page=10)
+
+        assert isinstance(result, PaginatedResponse)
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
+        assert result.pagination.total_count == 3
+        assert result.pagination.page == 1
+
+
+class TestCursorPaginate:
+    """Tests for cursor-based pagination via cursor_paginate()."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_first_page_no_cursor(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate without cursor returns the first page."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination, PaginatedResponse
+
+        for i in range(25):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        result = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(db_session, items_per_page=10)
+
+        assert isinstance(result, PaginatedResponse)
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert len(result.data) == 10
+        assert result.pagination.has_more is True
+        assert result.pagination.next_cursor is not None
+        assert result.pagination.prev_cursor is None
+        assert result.pagination.items_per_page == 10
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_last_page(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate returns has_more=False and next_cursor=None on last page."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        for i in range(5):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        result = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(db_session, items_per_page=10)
+
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert len(result.data) == 5
+        assert result.pagination.has_more is False
+        assert result.pagination.next_cursor is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_advances_correctly(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """Providing next_cursor from the first page returns the next page."""
+        for i in range(15):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        page1 = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(db_session, items_per_page=10)
+        assert isinstance(page1.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert len(page1.data) == 10
+        assert page1.pagination.has_more is True
+
+        cursor = page1.pagination.next_cursor
+        page2 = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session, cursor=cursor, items_per_page=10
+        )
+        assert isinstance(page2.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert len(page2.data) == 5
+        assert page2.pagination.has_more is False
+        assert page2.pagination.next_cursor is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_no_duplicates_across_pages(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """Items from consecutive cursor pages are non-overlapping and cover all rows."""
+        for i in range(7):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        page1 = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(db_session, items_per_page=4)
+        assert isinstance(page1.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        page2 = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            cursor=page1.pagination.next_cursor,
+            items_per_page=4,
+        )
+
+        ids_page1 = {r.id for r in page1.data}
+        ids_page2 = {r.id for r in page2.data}
+        assert ids_page1.isdisjoint(ids_page2)
+        assert len(ids_page1 | ids_page2) == 7
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_empty_table(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate on an empty table returns empty data with no cursor."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        result = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(db_session, items_per_page=10)
+
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert result.data == []
+        assert result.pagination.has_more is False
+        assert result.pagination.next_cursor is None
+        assert result.pagination.prev_cursor is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_with_filters(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate respects filters."""
+        for i in range(10):
+            await UserCrud.create(
+                db_session,
+                UserCreate(
+                    username=f"user{i}",
+                    email=f"user{i}@test.com",
+                    is_active=i % 2 == 0,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        result = await UserCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            filters=[User.is_active == True],  # noqa: E712
+            items_per_page=20,
+        )
+
+        assert len(result.data) == 5
+        assert all(u.is_active for u in result.data)
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_with_schema(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate with schema serializes items into the schema."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import PaginatedResponse
+
+        for i in range(3):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        result = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(db_session, schema=RoleRead)
+
+        assert isinstance(result, PaginatedResponse)
+        assert all(isinstance(item, RoleRead) for item in result.data)
+        assert all(
+            hasattr(item, "id") and hasattr(item, "name") for item in result.data
+        )
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_with_cursor_column(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate uses cursor_column set on CrudFactory."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.crud import CrudFactory
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        RoleNameCrud = CrudFactory(Role, cursor_column=Role.name)
+
+        for i in range(5):
+            await RoleNameCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        result = await RoleNameCrud.cursor_paginate(db_session, items_per_page=3)
+
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert len(result.data) == 3
+        assert result.pagination.has_more is True
+        assert result.pagination.next_cursor is not None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_raises_without_cursor_column(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate raises ValueError when cursor_column is not configured."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cursor_column is not set"):
+            await RoleCrud.cursor_paginate(db_session)
+
+
+class TestCursorPaginatePrevCursor:
+    """Tests for prev_cursor behavior in cursor_paginate()."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_prev_cursor_none_on_first_page(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """prev_cursor is None when no cursor was provided (first page)."""
+        for i in range(5):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        result = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(db_session, items_per_page=3)
+
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert result.pagination.prev_cursor is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_prev_cursor_set_on_subsequent_pages(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """prev_cursor is set when a cursor was provided (subsequent pages)."""
+        for i in range(10):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        page1 = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(db_session, items_per_page=5)
+        assert isinstance(page1.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        page2 = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            cursor=page1.pagination.next_cursor,
+            items_per_page=5,
+        )
+        assert isinstance(page2.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert page2.pagination.prev_cursor is not None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_prev_cursor_points_to_first_item(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """prev_cursor encodes the value of the first item on the current page."""
+        import base64
+        import json
+
+        for i in range(10):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        page1 = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(db_session, items_per_page=5)
+        assert isinstance(page1.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        page2 = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            cursor=page1.pagination.next_cursor,
+            items_per_page=5,
+        )
+        assert isinstance(page2.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert page2.pagination.prev_cursor is not None
+
+        # Decode prev_cursor and compare to first item's id
+        decoded = json.loads(
+            base64.b64decode(page2.pagination.prev_cursor.encode()).decode()
+        )
+        first_item_id = str(page2.data[0].id)
+        assert decoded == first_item_id
+
+
+class TestCursorPaginateWithSearch:
+    """Tests for cursor_paginate() combined with search."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_cursor_paginate_with_search(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate respects search filters alongside cursor predicate."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.crud import CrudFactory
+
+        # Create a CRUD with searchable fields and cursor column
+        SearchableRoleCrud = CrudFactory(
+            Role, searchable_fields=[Role.name], cursor_column=Role.id
+        )
+
+        for i in range(5):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"admin{i:02d}"))
+        for i in range(5):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"user{i:02d}"))
+
+        result = await SearchableRoleCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            search="admin",
+            items_per_page=20,
+        )
+
+        assert len(result.data) == 5
+        assert all("admin" in r.name for r in result.data)
+
+
+class TestCursorPaginateExtraOptions:
+    """Tests for cursor_paginate() covering joins, load_options, and order_by."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_with_joins(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate applies explicit inner joins."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="member"))
+        for i in range(5):
+            await UserCrud.create(
+                db_session,
+                UserCreate(
+                    username=f"u{i}",
+                    email=f"u{i}@test.com",
+                    role_id=role.id,
+                ),
+            )
+        # One user without a role to confirm inner join excludes them
+        await UserCrud.create(
+            db_session,
+            UserCreate(username="norole", email="norole@test.com"),
+        )
+
+        result = await UserCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            joins=[(Role, User.role_id == Role.id)],
+            items_per_page=20,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        # Only users with a role are returned (inner join)
+        assert len(result.data) == 5
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_with_outer_join(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate applies LEFT OUTER JOIN when outer_join=True."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="member"))
+        for i in range(3):
+            await UserCrud.create(
+                db_session,
+                UserCreate(
+                    username=f"u{i}",
+                    email=f"u{i}@test.com",
+                    role_id=role.id,
+                ),
+            )
+        await UserCrud.create(
+            db_session,
+            UserCreate(username="norole", email="norole@test.com"),
+        )
+
+        result = await UserCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            joins=[(Role, User.role_id == Role.id)],
+            outer_join=True,
+            items_per_page=20,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        # All users are included (outer join)
+        assert len(result.data) == 4
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_with_load_options(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate passes load_options to the query."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="manager"))
+        for i in range(3):
+            await UserCrud.create(
+                db_session,
+                UserCreate(
+                    username=f"u{i}",
+                    email=f"u{i}@test.com",
+                    role_id=role.id,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        result = await UserCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            load_options=[selectinload(User.role)],
+            items_per_page=20,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert len(result.data) == 3
+        # Relationship was eagerly loaded
+        assert all(u.role is not None for u in result.data)
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_with_order_by(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate applies additional order_by after the cursor column."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        for i in range(5):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        result = await RoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            order_by=Role.name.desc(),
+            items_per_page=3,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert len(result.data) == 3
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_integer_cursor_column(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate decodes Integer cursor values correctly."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        for i in range(5):
+            await IntRoleCursorCrud.create(db_session, IntRoleCreate(name=f"role{i}"))
+
+        page1 = await IntRoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(db_session, items_per_page=3)
+
+        assert isinstance(page1.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert len(page1.data) == 3
+        assert page1.pagination.has_more is True
+
+        page2 = await IntRoleCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            cursor=page1.pagination.next_cursor,
+            items_per_page=3,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(page2.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert len(page2.data) == 2
+        assert page2.pagination.has_more is False
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_string_cursor_column(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate decodes non-UUID/non-Integer cursor values (string branch)."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.crud import CrudFactory
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        RoleNameCursorCrud = CrudFactory(Role, cursor_column=Role.name)
+
+        for i in range(5):
+            await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name=f"role{i:02d}"))
+
+        page1 = await RoleNameCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(db_session, items_per_page=3)
+
+        assert isinstance(page1.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert len(page1.data) == 3
+        assert page1.pagination.has_more is True
+
+        page2 = await RoleNameCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            cursor=page1.pagination.next_cursor,
+            items_per_page=3,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(page2.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert len(page2.data) == 2
+        assert page2.pagination.has_more is False
+
+
+class TestCursorPaginateSearchJoins:
+    """Tests for cursor_paginate() search that traverses relationships (search_joins)."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_search_via_relationship(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """cursor_paginate outerjoin search-join when searching through a relationship."""
+        from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import CursorPagination
+
+        role_admin = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="administrator"))
+        role_user = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="regularuser"))
+
+        for i in range(3):
+            await UserCrud.create(
+                db_session,
+                UserCreate(
+                    username=f"admin_u{i}",
+                    email=f"admin_u{i}@test.com",
+                    role_id=role_admin.id,
+                ),
+            )
+        for i in range(2):
+            await UserCrud.create(
+                db_session,
+                UserCreate(
+                    username=f"reg_u{i}",
+                    email=f"reg_u{i}@test.com",
+                    role_id=role_user.id,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        result = await UserCursorCrud.cursor_paginate(
+            db_session,
+            search="administrator",
+            search_fields=[(User.role, Role.name)],
+            items_per_page=20,
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, CursorPagination)
+        assert len(result.data) == 3
+
+
+class TestGetWithForUpdate:
+    """Tests for get() with with_for_update=True."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_get_with_for_update(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """get() with with_for_update=True locks the row."""
+        role = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="locked"))
+
+        result = await RoleCrud.get(
+            db_session,
+            filters=[Role.id == role.id],
+            with_for_update=True,
+        )
+
+        assert result.id == role.id
+        assert result.name == "locked"

tests/test_crud_search.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import pytest
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
 from fastapi_toolsets.crud import SearchConfig, get_searchable_fields
+from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import OffsetPagination
 
 from .conftest import (
     Role,
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
             search_fields=[User.username],
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 2
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
@@ -57,6 +59,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
             search_fields=[User.username, User.email],
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 2
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
@@ -84,6 +87,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
             search_fields=[(User.role, Role.name)],
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 2
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
@@ -102,6 +106,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
             search_fields=[User.username, (User.role, Role.name)],
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 1
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
@@ -117,6 +122,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
             search_fields=[User.username],
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 1
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
@@ -132,6 +138,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
             search=SearchConfig(query="johndoe", case_sensitive=True),
             search_fields=[User.username],
         )
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 0
 
         # Should find (case match)
@@ -140,6 +147,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
             search=SearchConfig(query="JohnDoe", case_sensitive=True),
             search_fields=[User.username],
         )
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 1
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
@@ -153,9 +161,11 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
         )
 
         result = await UserCrud.paginate(db_session, search="")
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 2
 
         result = await UserCrud.paginate(db_session, search=None)
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 2
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
@@ -177,6 +187,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
             search_fields=[User.username],
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 1
         assert result.data[0].username == "active_john"
 
@@ -189,6 +200,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
 
         result = await UserCrud.paginate(db_session, search="findme")
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 1
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
@@ -204,6 +216,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
             search_fields=[User.username],
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 0
         assert result.data == []
 
@@ -224,6 +237,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
             items_per_page=5,
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 15
         assert len(result.data) == 5
         assert result.pagination.has_more is True
@@ -248,6 +262,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
             search_fields=[User.username],
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 2
 
     @pytest.mark.anyio
@@ -270,6 +285,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
             order_by=User.username,
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 3
         usernames = [u.username for u in result.data]
         assert usernames == ["alice", "bob", "charlie"]
@@ -292,6 +308,7 @@ class TestPaginateSearch:
             search_fields=[User.id, User.username],
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 1
         assert result.data[0].id == user_id
 
@@ -318,6 +335,7 @@ class TestSearchConfig:
             search_fields=[User.username, User.email],
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 1
         assert result.data[0].username == "john_test"
 
@@ -333,6 +351,7 @@ class TestSearchConfig:
             search=SearchConfig(query="findme", fields=[User.email]),
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(result.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert result.pagination.total_count == 1
 
 

tests/test_schemas.py

@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ from pydantic import ValidationError
 
 from fastapi_toolsets.schemas import (
     ApiError,
+    CursorPagination,
     ErrorResponse,
+    OffsetPagination,
     PaginatedResponse,
     Pagination,
     Response,
@@ -154,12 +156,12 @@ class TestErrorResponse:
         assert data["description"] == "Details"
 
 
-class TestPagination:
-    """Tests for Pagination schema."""
+class TestOffsetPagination:
+    """Tests for OffsetPagination schema (canonical name for offset-based pagination)."""
 
     def test_create_pagination(self):
-        """Create Pagination with all fields."""
-        pagination = Pagination(
+        """Create OffsetPagination with all fields."""
+        pagination = OffsetPagination(
             total_count=100,
             items_per_page=10,
             page=1,
@@ -173,7 +175,7 @@ class TestPagination:
 
     def test_last_page_has_more_false(self):
         """Last page has has_more=False."""
-        pagination = Pagination(
+        pagination = OffsetPagination(
             total_count=25,
             items_per_page=10,
             page=3,
@@ -183,8 +185,8 @@ class TestPagination:
         assert pagination.has_more is False
 
     def test_serialization(self):
-        """Pagination serializes correctly."""
-        pagination = Pagination(
+        """OffsetPagination serializes correctly."""
+        pagination = OffsetPagination(
             total_count=50,
             items_per_page=20,
             page=2,
@@ -197,6 +199,77 @@ class TestPagination:
         assert data["page"] == 2
         assert data["has_more"] is True
 
+    def test_pagination_alias_is_offset_pagination(self):
+        """Pagination is a backward-compatible alias for OffsetPagination."""
+        assert Pagination is OffsetPagination
+
+    def test_pagination_alias_constructs_offset_pagination(self):
+        """Code using Pagination(...) still works unchanged."""
+        pagination = Pagination(
+            total_count=10,
+            items_per_page=5,
+            page=2,
+            has_more=False,
+        )
+        assert isinstance(pagination, OffsetPagination)
+
+
+class TestCursorPagination:
+    """Tests for CursorPagination schema."""
+
+    def test_create_with_next_cursor(self):
+        """CursorPagination with a next cursor indicates more pages."""
+        pagination = CursorPagination(
+            next_cursor="eyJ2YWx1ZSI6ICIxMjMifQ==",
+            items_per_page=20,
+            has_more=True,
+        )
+        assert pagination.next_cursor == "eyJ2YWx1ZSI6ICIxMjMifQ=="
+        assert pagination.prev_cursor is None
+        assert pagination.items_per_page == 20
+        assert pagination.has_more is True
+
+    def test_create_last_page(self):
+        """CursorPagination for the last page has next_cursor=None and has_more=False."""
+        pagination = CursorPagination(
+            next_cursor=None,
+            items_per_page=20,
+            has_more=False,
+        )
+        assert pagination.next_cursor is None
+        assert pagination.has_more is False
+
+    def test_prev_cursor_defaults_to_none(self):
+        """prev_cursor defaults to None."""
+        pagination = CursorPagination(
+            next_cursor=None, items_per_page=10, has_more=False
+        )
+        assert pagination.prev_cursor is None
+
+    def test_prev_cursor_can_be_set(self):
+        """prev_cursor can be explicitly set."""
+        pagination = CursorPagination(
+            next_cursor="next123",
+            prev_cursor="prev456",
+            items_per_page=10,
+            has_more=True,
+        )
+        assert pagination.prev_cursor == "prev456"
+
+    def test_serialization(self):
+        """CursorPagination serializes correctly."""
+        pagination = CursorPagination(
+            next_cursor="abc123",
+            prev_cursor="xyz789",
+            items_per_page=20,
+            has_more=True,
+        )
+        data = pagination.model_dump()
+        assert data["next_cursor"] == "abc123"
+        assert data["prev_cursor"] == "xyz789"
+        assert data["items_per_page"] == 20
+        assert data["has_more"] is True
+
 
 class TestPaginatedResponse:
     """Tests for PaginatedResponse schema."""
@@ -214,6 +287,7 @@ class TestPaginatedResponse:
             pagination=pagination,
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(response.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert len(response.data) == 2
         assert response.pagination.total_count == 30
         assert response.status == ResponseStatus.SUCCESS
@@ -247,6 +321,7 @@ class TestPaginatedResponse:
             pagination=pagination,
         )
 
+        assert isinstance(response.pagination, OffsetPagination)
         assert response.data == []
         assert response.pagination.total_count == 0
 
@@ -290,6 +365,36 @@ class TestPaginatedResponse:
         assert data["data"] == ["item1", "item2"]
         assert data["pagination"]["page"] == 5
 
+    def test_pagination_field_accepts_offset_pagination(self):
+        """PaginatedResponse.pagination accepts OffsetPagination."""
+        response = PaginatedResponse(
+            data=[1, 2],
+            pagination=OffsetPagination(
+                total_count=2, items_per_page=10, page=1, has_more=False
+            ),
+        )
+        assert isinstance(response.pagination, OffsetPagination)
+
+    def test_pagination_field_accepts_cursor_pagination(self):
+        """PaginatedResponse.pagination accepts CursorPagination."""
+        response = PaginatedResponse(
+            data=[1, 2],
+            pagination=CursorPagination(
+                next_cursor=None, items_per_page=10, has_more=False
+            ),
+        )
+        assert isinstance(response.pagination, CursorPagination)
+
+    def test_pagination_alias_accepted(self):
+        """Constructing PaginatedResponse with Pagination (alias) still works."""
+        response = PaginatedResponse(
+            data=[],
+            pagination=Pagination(
+                total_count=0, items_per_page=10, page=1, has_more=False
+            ),
+        )
+        assert isinstance(response.pagination, OffsetPagination)
+
 
 class TestFromAttributes:
     """Tests for from_attributes config (ORM mode)."""