fix: batch insert normalizes away omitted nullable columns (#198)

src/fastapi_toolsets/fixtures/utils.py

@@ -30,20 +30,16 @@ def _instance_to_dict(instance: DeclarativeBase) -> dict[str, Any]:
         if val is None:
             col = prop.columns[0]
 
-            if col.server_default is not None or (
+            if (
-                col.default is not None and col.default.is_callable
+                col.server_default is not None
+                or (col.default is not None and col.default.is_callable)
+                or col.autoincrement is True
             ):
                 continue
         result[prop.key] = val
     return result
 
 
-def _normalize_rows(dicts: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
-    """Ensure all row dicts share the same key set."""
-    all_keys: set[str] = set().union(*dicts)
-    return [{k: d.get(k) for k in all_keys} for d in dicts]
-
-
 def _group_by_type(
     instances: list[DeclarativeBase],
 ) -> list[tuple[type[DeclarativeBase], list[DeclarativeBase]]]:
@@ -54,14 +50,32 @@ def _group_by_type(
     return list(groups.items())
 
 
+def _group_by_column_set(
+    dicts: list[dict[str, Any]],
+    instances: list[DeclarativeBase],
+) -> list[tuple[list[dict[str, Any]], list[DeclarativeBase]]]:
+    """Group (dict, instance) pairs by their dict key sets."""
+    groups: dict[
+        frozenset[str], tuple[list[dict[str, Any]], list[DeclarativeBase]]
+    ] = {}
+    for d, inst in zip(dicts, instances):
+        key = frozenset(d)
+        if key not in groups:
+            groups[key] = ([], [])
+        groups[key][0].append(d)
+        groups[key][1].append(inst)
+    return list(groups.values())
+
+
 async def _batch_insert(
     session: AsyncSession,
     model_cls: type[DeclarativeBase],
     instances: list[DeclarativeBase],
 ) -> None:
     """INSERT all instances — raises on conflict (no duplicate handling)."""
-    dicts = _normalize_rows([_instance_to_dict(i) for i in instances])
+    dicts = [_instance_to_dict(i) for i in instances]
-    await session.execute(pg_insert(model_cls).values(dicts))
+    for group_dicts, _ in _group_by_column_set(dicts, instances):
+        await session.execute(pg_insert(model_cls).values(group_dicts))
 
 
 async def _batch_merge(
@@ -79,10 +93,11 @@ async def _batch_merge(
         if not any(col.name in pk_names_set for col in prop.columns)
     ]
 
-    dicts = _normalize_rows([_instance_to_dict(i) for i in instances])
+    dicts = [_instance_to_dict(i) for i in instances]
-    stmt = pg_insert(model_cls).values(dicts)
+    for group_dicts, _ in _group_by_column_set(dicts, instances):
+        stmt = pg_insert(model_cls).values(group_dicts)
 
-    inserted_keys = set(dicts[0]) if dicts else set()
+        inserted_keys = set(group_dicts[0])
         update_cols = [col for col in non_pk_cols if col in inserted_keys]
 
         if update_cols:
@@ -116,22 +131,30 @@ async def _batch_skip_existing(
 
     loaded: list[DeclarativeBase] = list(no_pk)
     if no_pk:
-        await session.execute(
+        no_pk_dicts = [_instance_to_dict(i) for i in no_pk]
-            pg_insert(model_cls).values(
+        for group_dicts, _ in _group_by_column_set(no_pk_dicts, no_pk):
-                _normalize_rows([_instance_to_dict(i) for i in no_pk])
+            await session.execute(pg_insert(model_cls).values(group_dicts))
-            )
-        )
 
     if with_pk_pairs:
         with_pk = [i for i, _ in with_pk_pairs]
+        with_pk_dicts = [_instance_to_dict(i) for i in with_pk]
+        for group_dicts, group_insts in _group_by_column_set(with_pk_dicts, with_pk):
             stmt = (
                 pg_insert(model_cls)
-            .values(_normalize_rows([_instance_to_dict(i) for i in with_pk]))
+                .values(group_dicts)
                 .on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=pk_names)
             )
             result = await session.execute(stmt.returning(*mapper.primary_key))
-        inserted_pks = {row[0] if len(pk_names) == 1 else tuple(row) for row in result}
+            inserted_pks = {
-        loaded.extend(inst for inst, pk in with_pk_pairs if pk in inserted_pks)
+                row[0] if len(pk_names) == 1 else tuple(row) for row in result
+            }
+            loaded.extend(
+                inst
+                for inst, pk in zip(
+                    group_insts, [_get_primary_key(i) for i in group_insts]
+                )
+                if pk in inserted_pks
+            )
 
     return loaded
 
@@ -143,12 +166,7 @@ async def _load_ordered(
     strategy: LoadStrategy,
     contexts: tuple[str, ...] | None = None,
 ) -> dict[str, list[DeclarativeBase]]:
-    """Load fixtures in order using batch Core INSERT statements.
+    """Load fixtures in order using batch Core INSERT statements."""
-
-    When *contexts* is provided only variants whose context set intersects with
-    *contexts* are called for each name; their instances are concatenated.
-    When *contexts* is ``None`` all variants of each name are loaded.
-    """
     results: dict[str, list[DeclarativeBase]] = {}
 
     for name in ordered_names:
@@ -158,10 +176,6 @@ async def _load_ordered(
             else registry.get_variants(name)
         )
 
-        # Cross-context dependency fallback: if we're loading by context but
-        # no variant matches (e.g. a "base"-only fixture required by a
-        # "testing" fixture), load all available variants so the dependency
-        # is satisfied.
         if contexts is not None and not variants:
             variants = registry.get_variants(name)
 
@@ -267,10 +281,6 @@ async def load_fixtures_by_context(
 ) -> dict[str, list[DeclarativeBase]]:
     """Load all fixtures for specific contexts.
 
-    For each fixture name, only the variants whose context set intersects with
-    *contexts* are loaded.  When a name has variants in multiple of the
-    requested contexts, their instances are merged before being inserted.
-
     Args:
         session: Database session
         registry: Fixture registry

tests/test_fixtures.py

@@ -1011,6 +1011,14 @@ class TestInstanceToDict:
         assert "id" not in d
         assert d["name"] == "admin"
 
+    def test_autoincrement_none_excluded(self):
+        """A column whose value is None but has autoincrement=True is excluded
+        so the DB generates the value via its sequence."""
+        instance = IntRole(id=None, name="admin")
+        d = _instance_to_dict(instance)
+        assert "id" not in d
+        assert d["name"] == "admin"
+
     def test_nullable_none_included(self):
         """None on a nullable column with no default is kept (explicit NULL)."""
         instance = User(id=uuid.uuid4(), username="u", email="e@e.com", role_id=None)
@@ -1107,3 +1115,361 @@ class TestBatchMergeNonPkColumns:
             db_session, registry, "permissions", strategy=LoadStrategy.MERGE
         )
         assert len(result2["permissions"]) == 2
+
+
+class TestBatchNullableColumnEdgeCases:
+    """Deep tests for nullable column handling during batch import."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_insert_batch_mixed_nullable_fk(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """INSERT batch where some rows set a nullable FK and others don't.
+
+        After normalization the omitted role_id becomes None.  For INSERT this
+        is acceptable — both rows should insert successfully with the correct
+        values (one with FK, one with NULL).
+        """
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+        admin = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+        uid1 = uuid.uuid4()
+        uid2 = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        @registry.register
+        def users():
+            return [
+                User(
+                    id=uid1, username="with_role", email="a@test.com", role_id=admin.id
+                ),
+                User(id=uid2, username="no_role", email="b@test.com"),
+            ]
+
+        await load_fixtures(db_session, registry, "users", strategy=LoadStrategy.INSERT)
+
+        from sqlalchemy import select
+
+        rows = {
+            r.username: r
+            for r in (await db_session.execute(select(User))).scalars().all()
+        }
+        assert rows["with_role"].role_id == admin.id
+        assert rows["no_role"].role_id is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_insert_batch_mixed_nullable_notes(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """INSERT batch where some rows have notes and others don't.
+
+        Ensures normalization doesn't break the insert and that each row gets
+        the intended value.
+        """
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+        uid1 = uuid.uuid4()
+        uid2 = uuid.uuid4()
+        uid3 = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        @registry.register
+        def users():
+            return [
+                User(
+                    id=uid1,
+                    username="has_notes",
+                    email="a@test.com",
+                    notes="important",
+                ),
+                User(id=uid2, username="no_notes", email="b@test.com"),
+                User(id=uid3, username="null_notes", email="c@test.com", notes=None),
+            ]
+
+        await load_fixtures(db_session, registry, "users", strategy=LoadStrategy.INSERT)
+
+        from sqlalchemy import select
+
+        rows = {
+            r.username: r
+            for r in (await db_session.execute(select(User))).scalars().all()
+        }
+        assert rows["has_notes"].notes == "important"
+        assert rows["no_notes"].notes is None
+        assert rows["null_notes"].notes is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_merge_batch_mixed_nullable_does_not_overwrite(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """MERGE batch where one row sets a nullable column and another omits it.
+
+        If both rows already exist in DB, the row that omits the column must
+        NOT have its existing value overwritten with NULL.
+
+        This is the core normalization bug: _normalize_rows fills missing keys
+        with None, and then MERGE's SET clause includes that column for ALL rows.
+        """
+        from sqlalchemy import select
+
+        admin = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+        uid1 = uuid.uuid4()
+        uid2 = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        # Pre-populate: both users have role_id and notes
+        registry_initial = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry_initial.register
+        def users():
+            return [
+                User(
+                    id=uid1,
+                    username="alice",
+                    email="a@test.com",
+                    role_id=admin.id,
+                    notes="alice notes",
+                ),
+                User(
+                    id=uid2,
+                    username="bob",
+                    email="b@test.com",
+                    role_id=admin.id,
+                    notes="bob notes",
+                ),
+            ]
+
+        await load_fixtures(
+            db_session, registry_initial, "users", strategy=LoadStrategy.INSERT
+        )
+
+        # Re-merge: alice updates notes, bob omits notes entirely
+        registry_merge = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry_merge.register
+        def users():  # noqa: F811
+            return [
+                User(
+                    id=uid1,
+                    username="alice",
+                    email="a@test.com",
+                    role_id=admin.id,
+                    notes="updated",
+                ),
+                User(
+                    id=uid2,
+                    username="bob",
+                    email="b@test.com",
+                    role_id=admin.id,
+                ),  # notes omitted
+            ]
+
+        await load_fixtures(
+            db_session, registry_merge, "users", strategy=LoadStrategy.MERGE
+        )
+
+        rows = {
+            r.username: r
+            for r in (await db_session.execute(select(User))).scalars().all()
+        }
+        assert rows["alice"].notes == "updated"
+        # Bob's notes must be preserved, NOT overwritten with NULL
+        assert rows["bob"].notes == "bob notes"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_merge_batch_mixed_nullable_fk_preserves_existing(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """MERGE batch where one row sets role_id and another omits it.
+
+        The row that omits role_id must keep its existing DB value.
+        """
+        from sqlalchemy import select
+
+        admin = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+        editor = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="editor"))
+        uid1 = uuid.uuid4()
+        uid2 = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        # Pre-populate
+        registry_initial = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry_initial.register
+        def users():
+            return [
+                User(
+                    id=uid1,
+                    username="alice",
+                    email="a@test.com",
+                    role_id=admin.id,
+                ),
+                User(
+                    id=uid2,
+                    username="bob",
+                    email="b@test.com",
+                    role_id=editor.id,
+                ),
+            ]
+
+        await load_fixtures(
+            db_session, registry_initial, "users", strategy=LoadStrategy.INSERT
+        )
+
+        # Re-merge: alice changes role, bob omits role_id
+        registry_merge = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry_merge.register
+        def users():  # noqa: F811
+            return [
+                User(
+                    id=uid1,
+                    username="alice",
+                    email="a@test.com",
+                    role_id=editor.id,
+                ),
+                User(id=uid2, username="bob", email="b@test.com"),  # role_id omitted
+            ]
+
+        await load_fixtures(
+            db_session, registry_merge, "users", strategy=LoadStrategy.MERGE
+        )
+
+        rows = {
+            r.username: r
+            for r in (await db_session.execute(select(User))).scalars().all()
+        }
+        assert rows["alice"].role_id == editor.id  # updated
+        assert rows["bob"].role_id == editor.id  # must be preserved, NOT NULL
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_insert_batch_mixed_pk_presence(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """INSERT batch where some rows have explicit PK and others rely on
+        the callable default (uuid.uuid4).
+
+        Normalization adds the PK key with None to rows that omitted it,
+        which can cause NOT NULL violations on the PK column.
+        """
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+        explicit_id = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        @registry.register
+        def roles():
+            return [
+                Role(id=explicit_id, name="admin"),
+                Role(name="user"),  # PK omitted, relies on default=uuid.uuid4
+            ]
+
+        await load_fixtures(db_session, registry, "roles", strategy=LoadStrategy.INSERT)
+
+        from sqlalchemy import select
+
+        rows = (await db_session.execute(select(Role))).scalars().all()
+        assert len(rows) == 2
+        names = {r.name for r in rows}
+        assert names == {"admin", "user"}
+        # The "admin" row must have the explicit ID
+        admin = next(r for r in rows if r.name == "admin")
+        assert admin.id == explicit_id
+        # The "user" row must have a generated UUID (not None)
+        user = next(r for r in rows if r.name == "user")
+        assert user.id is not None
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_skip_existing_batch_mixed_nullable(self, db_session: AsyncSession):
+        """SKIP_EXISTING with mixed nullable columns inserts correctly.
+
+        Only new rows are inserted; existing rows are untouched regardless of
+        which columns the fixture provides.
+        """
+        from sqlalchemy import select
+
+        admin = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+        uid1 = uuid.uuid4()
+        uid2 = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        # Pre-populate uid1 with notes
+        registry_initial = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry_initial.register
+        def users():
+            return [
+                User(
+                    id=uid1,
+                    username="alice",
+                    email="a@test.com",
+                    role_id=admin.id,
+                    notes="keep me",
+                ),
+            ]
+
+        await load_fixtures(
+            db_session, registry_initial, "users", strategy=LoadStrategy.INSERT
+        )
+
+        # Load again with SKIP_EXISTING: uid1 already exists, uid2 is new
+        registry_skip = FixtureRegistry()
+
+        @registry_skip.register
+        def users():  # noqa: F811
+            return [
+                User(id=uid1, username="alice-updated", email="a@test.com"),  # exists
+                User(
+                    id=uid2,
+                    username="bob",
+                    email="b@test.com",
+                    notes="new user",
+                ),  # new
+            ]
+
+        result = await load_fixtures(
+            db_session, registry_skip, "users", strategy=LoadStrategy.SKIP_EXISTING
+        )
+        assert len(result["users"]) == 1  # only bob inserted
+
+        rows = {
+            r.username: r
+            for r in (await db_session.execute(select(User))).scalars().all()
+        }
+        # alice untouched
+        assert rows["alice"].role_id == admin.id
+        assert rows["alice"].notes == "keep me"
+        # bob inserted correctly
+        assert rows["bob"].notes == "new user"
+
+    @pytest.mark.anyio
+    async def test_insert_batch_every_row_different_nullable_columns(
+        self, db_session: AsyncSession
+    ):
+        """Each row in the batch sets a different combination of nullable columns.
+
+        Tests that normalization produces valid SQL for all rows.
+        """
+        registry = FixtureRegistry()
+        admin = await RoleCrud.create(db_session, RoleCreate(name="admin"))
+        uid1 = uuid.uuid4()
+        uid2 = uuid.uuid4()
+        uid3 = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        @registry.register
+        def users():
+            return [
+                User(
+                    id=uid1,
+                    username="all_set",
+                    email="a@test.com",
+                    role_id=admin.id,
+                    notes="full",
+                ),
+                User(
+                    id=uid2, username="only_role", email="b@test.com", role_id=admin.id
+                ),
+                User(
+                    id=uid3, username="only_notes", email="c@test.com", notes="partial"
+                ),
+            ]
+
+        await load_fixtures(db_session, registry, "users", strategy=LoadStrategy.INSERT)
+
+        from sqlalchemy import select
+
+        rows = {
+            r.username: r
+            for r in (await db_session.execute(select(User))).scalars().all()
+        }
+        assert rows["all_set"].role_id == admin.id
+        assert rows["all_set"].notes == "full"
+        assert rows["only_role"].role_id == admin.id
+        assert rows["only_role"].notes is None
+        assert rows["only_notes"].role_id is None
+        assert rows["only_notes"].notes == "partial"